{"version":1,"subjects":[{"id":"polity","n":"Polity","nh":"राजव्यवस्था","papers":["prelims","gs2"]},{"id":"history","n":"History","nh":"इतिहास","papers":["prelims","gs1"]},{"id":"geography","n":"Geography","nh":"भूगोल","papers":["prelims","gs1"]},{"id":"economy","n":"Economy","nh":"अर्थव्यवस्था","papers":["prelims","gs3"]},{"id":"environment","n":"Environment","nh":"पर्यावरण","papers":["prelims","gs3"]},{"id":"science","n":"Science & Technology","nh":"विज्ञान एवं प्रौद्योगिकी","papers":["prelims","gs3"]},{"id":"society","n":"Society","nh":"समाज","papers":["gs1","gs2"]},{"id":"ir","n":"International Relations","nh":"अंतरराष्ट्रीय संबंध","papers":["prelims","gs2"]},{"id":"culture","n":"Art & Culture","nh":"कला एवं संस्कृति","papers":["prelims","gs1"]},{"id":"security","n":"Internal Security & Disaster","nh":"आंतरिक सुरक्षा एवं आपदा","papers":["gs3"]},{"id":"ethics","n":"Ethics & Essay","nh":"नीतिशास्त्र एवं निबंध","papers":["gs4","essay"]}],"topics":[{"id":"pol-constitution","s":"polity","n":"Constitution","nh":"संविधान","note":"The Preamble states the source of authority (We, the People), the nature of the State (sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic) and its objectives (justice, liberty, equality, fraternity). \"Socialist\", \"secular\" and \"integrity\" were added by the 42nd Amendment (1976). In Berubari (1960) the Court said the Preamble is not part of the Constitution; Kesavananda Bharati (1973) reversed this and held it is part of the Constitution and amendable, subject to the basic structure. It is not enforceable in court but guides interpretation. The Constitution was drafted by the Constituent Assembly (1946–49), adopted on 26 November 1949 and fully in force from 26 January 1950.","noteHi":"प्रस्तावना सत्ता के स्रोत (हम, भारत के लोग), राज्य के स्वरूप (संप्रभु, समाजवादी, पंथनिरपेक्ष, लोकतांत्रिक गणराज्य) और उद्देश्यों (न्याय, स्वतंत्रता, समता, बंधुता) को बताती है। \"समाजवादी\", \"पंथनिरपेक्ष\" और \"अखंडता\" शब्द 42वें संशोधन (1976) द्वारा जोड़े गए। बेरूबाड़ी मामले (1960) में न्यायालय ने कहा कि प्रस्तावना संविधान का भाग नहीं है; केशवानंद भारती (1973) में इसे संविधान का भाग माना गया और यह संशोधनीय है, परंतु मूल ढाँचे के अधीन। यह न्यायालय में प्रवर्तनीय नहीं है, किंतु व्याख्या में मार्गदर्शन करती है। संविधान सभा ने 26 नवंबर 1949 को संविधान अंगीकृत किया और यह 26 जनवरी 1950 से पूर्णतः लागू हुआ।","angle":"Prelims tests amendment history and case law on the Preamble; Mains (GS-II) asks how constitutional values such as fraternity or secularism are realised in practice.","angleHi":"प्रारंभिक परीक्षा में संशोधन और वाद-निर्णय पूछे जाते हैं; मुख्य परीक्षा (GS-II) में बंधुता या पंथनिरपेक्षता जैसे मूल्यों के व्यवहार में साकार होने पर प्रश्न आते हैं।","ncert":["Indian Constitution at Work (Class 11) — Constitution: Why and How?","Indian Constitution at Work (Class 11) — The Philosophy of the Constitution","Themes in Indian History – III (Class 12) — Framing the Constitution","Indian Constitution at Work (Class 11) — Constitution as a Living Document","Indian Constitution at Work (Class 11) — Rights in the Indian Constitution","Indian Constitution at Work (Class 11) — Executive"],"kw":["24th amendment","42nd amendment","42वाँ संशोधन","44th amendment","armed rebellion","article 123","article 213","article 352","article 356","article 36","article 360","article 368","article 44","article 51","article 51a","article 72","article 75","basic structure","berubari","bommai","collective responsibility","constituent assembly","council of ministers","democratic","directive principles","financial emergency","fundamental duties","gandhian","golaknath","governor","judicial review","kesavananda","kesavananda bharati","minerva mills","national emergency","nje","objectives resolution","ordinance","pardon","preamble"],"papers":["prelims","gs2"],"w":4.0,"imp":5,"h":15.0},{"id":"pol-fr","s":"polity","n":"Fundamental Rights","nh":"मौलिक अधिकार","note":"Part III (Articles 12–35) guarantees justiciable rights against the \"State\" (Art. 12). Six groups: equality (14–18), freedom (19–22), against exploitation (23–24), religion (25–28), cultural and educational (29–30), and constitutional remedies (32). Art. 13 voids laws inconsistent with Part III, making judicial review explicit. Maneka Gandhi (1978) read \"procedure established by law\" in Art. 21 as requiring a fair, just and reasonable procedure, and Art. 21 now covers privacy (Puttaswamy, 2017), livelihood, health and a clean environment. Art. 32 lets citizens approach the Supreme Court directly through five writs; Ambedkar called it the heart and soul of the Constitution. Some rights (15, 16, 19, 29, 30) are for citizens only. During an emergency, Art. 19 is suspended under Art. 358, and Art. 359 can suspend enforcement of other rights except Arts. 20 and 21 (44th Amendment).","noteHi":"भाग III (अनुच्छेद 12–35) \"राज्य\" (अनु. 12) के विरुद्ध न्यायोचित अधिकार देता है। छह समूह हैं: समता (14–18), स्वतंत्रता (19–22), शोषण के विरुद्ध (23–24), धर्म की स्वतंत्रता (25–28), संस्कृति और शिक्षा संबंधी (29–30) तथा संवैधानिक उपचारों का अधिकार (32)। अनुच्छेद 13 भाग III से असंगत विधियों को शून्य करता है, जिससे न्यायिक पुनर्विलोकन स्पष्ट होता है। मेनका गांधी (1978) में \"विधि द्वारा स्थापित प्रक्रिया\" को न्यायसंगत और उचित प्रक्रिया माना गया; अब अनु. 21 में निजता (पुट्टस्वामी, 2017), आजीविका, स्वास्थ्य और स्वच्छ पर्यावरण शामिल हैं। अनु. 32 के तहत पाँच रिटों से सीधे सर्वोच्च न्यायालय जाया जा सकता है; अंबेडकर ने इसे संविधान का \"हृदय और आत्मा\" कहा। अनु. 15, 16, 19, 29, 30 केवल नागरिकों को प्राप्त हैं। आपातकाल में अनु. 358 के तहत अनु. 19 निलंबित होता है, और अनु. 359 के तहत अनु. 20 और 21 को छोड़कर अन्य अधिकारों का प्रवर्तन निलंबित हो सकता है (44वाँ संशोधन)।","angle":"A perennial Prelims area (article numbers, writs, citizen-only rights) and a Mains staple on the expanding scope of Art. 21, free speech limits and the FR–DPSP balance.","angleHi":"प्रारंभिक परीक्षा का स्थायी क्षेत्र (अनुच्छेद, रिट, केवल नागरिकों के अधिकार); मुख्य परीक्षा में अनु. 21 का विस्तार, अभिव्यक्ति की सीमाएँ और मौलिक अधिकार–निदेशक तत्व संतुलन।","ncert":["Indian Constitution at Work (Class 11) — Rights in the Indian Constitution","Democratic Politics – I (Class 9) — Democratic Rights","Political Theory (Class 11) — Rights"],"kw":["article 12","article 13","article 14","article 19","article 21","article 32","certiorari","fundamental rights","habeas corpus","mandamus","maneka gandhi","prohibition","puttaswamy","quo warranto","reasonable restrictions","right to equality","right to privacy","writs","अधिकार पृच्छा","अनुच्छेद 21","अनुच्छेद 32","उत्प्रेषण","निजता का अधिकार","परमादेश","प्रतिषेध","बंदी प्रत्यक्षीकरण","मौलिक अधिकार","रिट","समता का अधिकार"],"papers":["prelims","gs2"],"w":5.0,"imp":5,"h":6.0},{"id":"pol-parliament","s":"polity","n":"Parliament","nh":"संसद","note":"Parliament consists of the President, Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha. A Money Bill (Art. 110) can be introduced only in Lok Sabha; Rajya Sabha may only recommend changes within 14 days, and the Speaker's certification is final. Deadlocks on ordinary bills go to a joint sitting (Art. 108) presided over by the Speaker; there is no joint sitting for Money Bills or constitutional amendments. The Tenth Schedule (anti-defection, 52nd Amendment 1985) disqualifies members who voluntarily give up membership or defy the whip; the 91st Amendment removed the \"split\" exception and capped council of ministers size at 15% of the House. Committees such as the Public Accounts Committee (chaired by an opposition member by convention) and Departmentally Related Standing Committees provide detailed scrutiny.","noteHi":"संसद में राष्ट्रपति, राज्यसभा और लोकसभा शामिल हैं। धन विधेयक (अनु. 110) केवल लोकसभा में पेश होता है; राज्यसभा 14 दिनों में केवल सिफारिश कर सकती है और अध्यक्ष का प्रमाणन अंतिम होता है। साधारण विधेयकों पर गतिरोध संयुक्त बैठक (अनु. 108) से हल होता है जिसकी अध्यक्षता लोकसभा अध्यक्ष करते हैं; धन विधेयक या संविधान संशोधन पर संयुक्त बैठक नहीं होती। दसवीं अनुसूची (52वाँ संशोधन, 1985) स्वेच्छा से सदस्यता छोड़ने या व्हिप के उल्लंघन पर अयोग्यता देती है; 91वें संशोधन ने \"विभाजन\" अपवाद हटाया और मंत्रिपरिषद का आकार सदन के 15% तक सीमित किया। लोक लेखा समिति (परंपरा से विपक्ष का अध्यक्ष) और विभाग-संबंधी स्थायी समितियाँ विस्तृत जाँच करती हैं।","angle":"Prelims tests procedure details; Mains asks about declining sittings, ordinance use, committee referrals and the role of the Rajya Sabha.","angleHi":"प्रारंभिक में प्रक्रिया; मुख्य परीक्षा में घटती बैठकें, अध्यादेश, समितियों को विधेयक भेजना और राज्यसभा की भूमिका।","ncert":["Indian Constitution at Work (Class 11) — Legislature","Democratic Politics – I (Class 9) — Working of Institutions","Indian Constitution at Work (Class 11) — Election and Representation","Democratic Politics – I (Class 9) — Electoral Politics"],"kw":["anti-defection","article 108","article 110","article 324","delimitation","election commission","electoral bonds","first past the post","joint sitting","lok sabha","model code of conduct","money bill","nota","parliamentary committees","privileges","public accounts committee","question hour","rajya sabha","representation of the people act 1950","representation of the people act 1951","speaker","tenth schedule","vvpat","zero hour","अध्यक्ष","अनुच्छेद 324","आदर्श आचार संहिता","चुनावी बॉन्ड","दल-बदल विरोधी कानून","दसवीं अनुसूची","धन विधेयक","निर्वाचन आयोग","नोटा","परिसीमन","प्रश्नकाल","राज्यसभा","लोक प्रतिनिधित्व अधिनियम","लोक लेखा समिति","लोकसभा","शून्यकाल"],"papers":["prelims","gs2"],"w":5.0,"imp":5,"h":8.0},{"id":"pol-judiciary","s":"polity","n":"Judiciary","nh":"न्यायपालिका","note":"The Supreme Court has original (Art. 131, centre–state disputes), appellate, advisory (Art. 143) and writ (Art. 32) jurisdiction; Art. 142 lets it pass any order needed for \"complete justice\". High Courts have wider writ jurisdiction under Art. 226 because they may issue writs \"for any other purpose\". Judges are appointed through the collegium system created by the Second (1993) and Third (1998) Judges Cases; the NJAC was struck down in 2015. Public Interest Litigation, which relaxed standing from the late 1970s, expanded access to justice but raises concerns about judicial overreach. Removal of judges requires an address by each House with a special majority on grounds of proved misbehaviour or incapacity.","noteHi":"सर्वोच्च न्यायालय को मूल (अनु. 131, केंद्र–राज्य विवाद), अपीलीय, परामर्शी (अनु. 143) और रिट (अनु. 32) क्षेत्राधिकार प्राप्त है; अनु. 142 \"पूर्ण न्याय\" के लिए कोई भी आदेश देने की शक्ति देता है। उच्च न्यायालयों का रिट क्षेत्राधिकार (अनु. 226) व्यापक है क्योंकि वे \"किसी अन्य प्रयोजन\" के लिए भी रिट जारी कर सकते हैं। न्यायाधीशों की नियुक्ति द्वितीय (1993) और तृतीय (1998) न्यायाधीश वादों से बनी कॉलेजियम प्रणाली से होती है; NJAC 2015 में निरस्त हुआ। जनहित याचिका ने न्याय तक पहुँच बढ़ाई, पर न्यायिक अतिक्रमण की चिंता भी पैदा की।","angle":"Mains: pendency, judicial appointments, activism vs. restraint. Prelims: jurisdiction articles and appointment procedure.","angleHi":"मुख्य परीक्षा: लंबित मामले, नियुक्तियाँ, सक्रियता बनाम संयम। प्रारंभिक: क्षेत्राधिकार के अनुच्छेद।","ncert":["Indian Constitution at Work (Class 11) — Judiciary"],"kw":["article 131","article 136","article 142","collegium","contempt","high court","judicial activism","judicial review","njac","original jurisdiction","pil","supreme court","tribunals","अधिकरण","अनुच्छेद 142","उच्च न्यायालय","कॉलेजियम","जनहित याचिका","न्यायिक पुनर्विलोकन","न्यायिक सक्रियता","सर्वोच्च न्यायालय"],"papers":["prelims","gs2"],"w":4.0,"imp":5,"h":4.0},{"id":"pol-federalism","s":"polity","n":"Federalism","nh":"संघवाद","note":"India is a union with strong unitary features: the Seventh Schedule divides powers into Union, State and Concurrent lists, with residuary power with the Union (Art. 248). Parliament can legislate on State subjects in the national interest after a Rajya Sabha resolution (Art. 249), during emergencies, or on request of states (Art. 252). Fiscal transfers flow through the Finance Commission (Art. 280) and, since 2017, the GST Council (Art. 279A), where the Centre has one-third and the states two-thirds of the vote weight. The Sarkaria (1988) and Punchhi (2010) commissions recommended restraint in using Art. 356 and consultation in appointing Governors. \"Cooperative\" and \"competitive\" federalism are used to describe current practice.","noteHi":"भारत एक संघ है जिसमें एकात्मक लक्षण प्रबल हैं: सातवीं अनुसूची शक्तियों को संघ, राज्य और समवर्ती सूचियों में बाँटती है, और अवशिष्ट शक्ति संघ के पास है (अनु. 248)। राष्ट्रीय हित में राज्यसभा के प्रस्ताव (अनु. 249), आपातकाल या राज्यों के अनुरोध (अनु. 252) पर संसद राज्य विषयों पर कानून बना सकती है। राजकोषीय हस्तांतरण वित्त आयोग (अनु. 280) और 2017 से जीएसटी परिषद (अनु. 279क) के माध्यम से होता है, जिसमें केंद्र का एक-तिहाई और राज्यों का दो-तिहाई मत भार है। सरकारिया (1988) और पुंछी (2010) आयोगों ने अनु. 356 के संयमित प्रयोग और राज्यपाल नियुक्ति में परामर्श की सिफारिश की।","angle":"A Mains favourite: fiscal federalism, Governor–state friction, GST compensation and the use of central agencies. Prelims tests articles and list placement.","angleHi":"मुख्य परीक्षा का प्रिय विषय: राजकोषीय संघवाद, राज्यपाल–राज्य टकराव, जीएसटी क्षतिपूर्ति।","ncert":["Indian Constitution at Work (Class 11) — Federalism","Democratic Politics – II (Class 10) — Federalism","Democratic Politics – II (Class 10) — Power Sharing"],"kw":["article 246","article 249","article 263","article 279a","article 280","article 356","concurrent list","cooperative federalism","finance commission","gst council","inter-state council","punchhi","sarkaria","seventh schedule","state list","union list","अंतर-राज्य परिषद","जीएसटी परिषद","राज्य सूची","वित्त आयोग","संघ सूची","समवर्ती सूची","सरकारिया आयोग","सहकारी संघवाद","सातवीं अनुसूची"],"papers":["prelims","gs2"],"w":4.0,"imp":5,"h":4.0},{"id":"pol-local","s":"polity","n":"Local Government","nh":"स्थानीय शासन","note":"The 73rd and 74th Amendments (1992) gave constitutional status to rural (Part IX, Eleventh Schedule, 29 subjects) and urban (Part IXA, Twelfth Schedule, 18 subjects) local bodies. They mandate a three-tier panchayat structure for states above 2 million population, five-year terms, reservation of at least one-third of seats for women, State Election Commissions and State Finance Commissions. PESA (1996) extends panchayats to Fifth Schedule areas with stronger gram sabha powers over resources. Earlier committees include Balwant Rai Mehta (1957), which proposed three-tier panchayats, and Ashok Mehta (1978), which favoured two tiers.","noteHi":"73वें और 74वें संशोधन (1992) ने ग्रामीण (भाग IX, ग्यारहवीं अनुसूची, 29 विषय) और नगरीय (भाग IXक, बारहवीं अनुसूची, 18 विषय) निकायों को संवैधानिक दर्जा दिया। 20 लाख से अधिक जनसंख्या वाले राज्यों में त्रिस्तरीय पंचायत, पाँच वर्ष का कार्यकाल, महिलाओं के लिए कम से कम एक-तिहाई आरक्षण, राज्य निर्वाचन आयोग और राज्य वित्त आयोग अनिवार्य हैं। पेसा (1996) पाँचवीं अनुसूची क्षेत्रों में ग्राम सभा को संसाधनों पर अधिक शक्ति देता है। बलवंत राय मेहता समिति (1957) ने त्रिस्तरीय और अशोक मेहता समिति (1978) ने द्विस्तरीय व्यवस्था सुझाई।","angle":"Mains asks why devolution of \"funds, functions and functionaries\" remains weak; Prelims tests schedule contents and committee recommendations.","angleHi":"मुख्य परीक्षा में \"कोष, कार्य और कार्मिक\" के कमजोर हस्तांतरण पर प्रश्न; प्रारंभिक में अनुसूचियाँ और समितियाँ।","ncert":["Indian Constitution at Work (Class 11) — Local Governments"],"kw":["73rd amendment","73वाँ संशोधन","74th amendment","74वाँ संशोधन","ashok mehta","balwant rai mehta","eleventh schedule","gram sabha","pesa","reservation for women","state election commission","state finance commission","twelfth schedule","ग्यारहवीं अनुसूची","ग्राम सभा","पेसा","बलवंत राय मेहता","बारहवीं अनुसूची","राज्य निर्वाचन आयोग"],"papers":["prelims","gs2"],"w":4.0,"imp":4,"h":3.0},{"id":"pol-bodies","s":"polity","n":"Constitutional Bodies","nh":"संवैधानिक निकाय","note":"Constitutional bodies draw authority directly from the Constitution: the Election Commission (Art. 324), UPSC and State PSCs (Art. 315), Finance Commission (Art. 280), CAG (Art. 148), Attorney General (Art. 76), and the National Commissions for SCs (Art. 338) and STs (Art. 338A); the National Commission for Backward Classes became constitutional (Art. 338B) via the 102nd Amendment. Statutory bodies are created by Acts of Parliament, such as the NHRC (Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993), CVC (2003 Act) and Lokpal (2013 Act). The CBI derives authority from the Delhi Special Police Establishment Act, 1946. NITI Aayog was created in 2015 by an executive resolution and is neither constitutional nor statutory.","noteHi":"संवैधानिक निकाय सीधे संविधान से शक्ति पाते हैं: निर्वाचन आयोग (अनु. 324), संघ व राज्य लोक सेवा आयोग (अनु. 315), वित्त आयोग (अनु. 280), नियंत्रक एवं महालेखा परीक्षक (अनु. 148), महान्यायवादी (अनु. 76), राष्ट्रीय अनुसूचित जाति आयोग (अनु. 338) और जनजाति आयोग (अनु. 338क); राष्ट्रीय पिछड़ा वर्ग आयोग 102वें संशोधन से संवैधानिक (अनु. 338ख) बना। सांविधिक निकाय संसद के अधिनियम से बनते हैं, जैसे राष्ट्रीय मानवाधिकार आयोग (1993), केंद्रीय सतर्कता आयोग (2003) और लोकपाल (2013)। नीति आयोग 2015 में कार्यकारी संकल्प से बना; यह न संवैधानिक है न सांविधिक।","angle":"Classic Prelims trap: constitutional vs statutory vs executive. Mains asks about the independence and effectiveness of these bodies.","angleHi":"प्रारंभिक का प्रसिद्ध जाल: संवैधानिक बनाम सांविधिक बनाम कार्यकारी। मुख्य परीक्षा में इन निकायों की स्वतंत्रता और प्रभावशीलता।","ncert":["Indian Constitution at Work (Class 11) — Executive"],"kw":["article 148","article 315","attorney general","cag","cbi","cvc","finance commission","lokpal","national commission for scheduled castes","nhrc","niti aayog","quasi-judicial","statutory body","upsc","केंद्रीय सतर्कता आयोग","नियंत्रक एवं महालेखा परीक्षक","नीति आयोग","महान्यायवादी","राष्ट्रीय मानवाधिकार आयोग","लोकपाल","वित्त आयोग","संघ लोक सेवा आयोग"],"papers":["prelims","gs2"],"w":4.0,"imp":4,"h":4.0},{"id":"pol-governance","s":"polity","n":"Governance","nh":"शासन","note":"Good governance rests on transparency, accountability, participation, rule of law and responsiveness. The Right to Information Act, 2005 lets citizens obtain information from public authorities within 30 days (48 hours where life or liberty is involved), with Information Commissions as appellate bodies. Citizens' charters, social audits (mandated under MGNREGA), grievance portals such as CPGRAMS, and e-governance under Digital India aim to reduce discretion and delay. The Second Administrative Reforms Commission (2005–09) produced 15 reports on ethics, RTI, local governance and civil service reform. Mission Karmayogi (2020) focuses on competency-based civil service capacity building.","noteHi":"सुशासन पारदर्शिता, जवाबदेही, भागीदारी, विधि का शासन और संवेदनशीलता पर टिका है। सूचना का अधिकार अधिनियम, 2005 नागरिकों को 30 दिनों में (जीवन या स्वतंत्रता से जुड़े मामलों में 48 घंटे में) सूचना पाने का अधिकार देता है; सूचना आयोग अपीलीय निकाय हैं। नागरिक चार्टर, सामाजिक अंकेक्षण (मनरेगा में अनिवार्य), CPGRAMS जैसे शिकायत पोर्टल और डिजिटल इंडिया के अंतर्गत ई-गवर्नेंस विवेकाधिकार और विलंब घटाते हैं। द्वितीय प्रशासनिक सुधार आयोग (2005–09) ने 15 रिपोर्टें दीं। मिशन कर्मयोगी (2020) सिविल सेवा की क्षमता-आधारित प्रशिक्षण पर केंद्रित है।","angle":"Mains GS-II and GS-IV regularly ask about RTI dilution concerns, service delivery and civil service neutrality; good essay material.","angleHi":"GS-II और GS-IV में RTI कमजोर करने की चिंता, सेवा वितरण और सिविल सेवा तटस्थता; निबंध के लिए भी उपयोगी।","ncert":["Indian Constitution at Work (Class 11) — Executive","Indian Society (Class 12) — Patterns of Social Inequality and Exclusion","Economics (Class 9) — Poverty as a Challenge"],"kw":["children","citizen's charter","civil services reform","cpgrams","digital india","direct benefit transfer","disabled","e-governance","forest rights act","good governance","lokpal","mgnrega","mission karmayogi","pm-kisan","rights of persons with disabilities act","rti act 2005","sc st prevention of atrocities act","scheduled castes","scheduled tribes","second arc","social audit","transgender persons act","women","अनुसूचित जनजाति","अनुसूचित जाति","ई-गवर्नेंस","जैम त्रिमूर्ति","दिव्यांगजन अधिकार अधिनियम","द्वितीय प्रशासनिक सुधार आयोग","नागरिक चार्टर","प्रत्यक्ष लाभ अंतरण","मिशन कर्मयोगी","वन अधिकार अधिनियम","सामाजिक अंकेक्षण","सुशासन","सूचना का अधिकार"],"papers":["gs2","gs4","prelims"],"w":4.0,"imp":4,"h":7.0},{"id":"his-ancient","s":"history","n":"Ancient","nh":"प्राचीन भारत","note":"The Harappan civilisation (mature phase c. 2600–1900 BCE) is known for planned cities, standardised weights and bricks, drainage, and an undeciphered script; key sites include Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, Dholavira, Lothal and Kalibangan. The Vedic period saw the spread of agrarian settlement and the varna order. The 6th century BCE brought the sixteen mahajanapadas and the rise of Buddhism and Jainism. The Mauryan empire under Ashoka propagated dhamma through rock and pillar edicts, mostly in Prakrit in the Brahmi script. The Gupta period is associated with advances in Sanskrit literature, mathematics and temple architecture.","noteHi":"हड़प्पा सभ्यता (परिपक्व चरण लगभग 2600–1900 ई.पू.) नियोजित नगरों, मानक बाट और ईंटों, जल निकासी और अपठित लिपि के लिए प्रसिद्ध है; प्रमुख स्थल हड़प्पा, मोहनजोदड़ो, धोलावीरा, लोथल और कालीबंगा हैं। वैदिक काल में कृषि बस्तियाँ और वर्ण व्यवस्था फैली। छठी शताब्दी ई.पू. में सोलह महाजनपद और बौद्ध व जैन धर्म का उदय हुआ। मौर्य सम्राट अशोक ने शिलालेखों और स्तंभ लेखों द्वारा धम्म का प्रचार किया, जो अधिकतर ब्राह्मी लिपि में प्राकृत भाषा में हैं। गुप्त काल संस्कृत साहित्य, गणित और मंदिर स्थापत्य की प्रगति से जुड़ा है।","angle":"Prelims tests sites, rulers, edicts and religious ideas; Mains GS-I links to art and architecture.","angleHi":"प्रारंभिक में स्थल, शासक, अभिलेख और धार्मिक विचार; मुख्य GS-I में कला-स्थापत्य से जुड़ाव।","ncert":["Themes in Indian History – I (Class 12) — Bricks, Beads and Bones: The Harappan Civilisation","Themes in Indian History – I (Class 12) — Kings, Farmers and Towns","Themes in Indian History – I (Class 12) — Thinkers, Beliefs and Buildings","An Introduction to Indian Art – Part I (Class 11) — Arts of the Indus Valley"],"kw":["ashoka","buddhism","dhamma","gupta","harappan","indus valley","jainism","kushana","mahajanapadas","maurya","sangam","satavahana","vedic","अशोक","गुप्त काल","जैन धर्म","धम्म","बौद्ध धर्म","महाजनपद","मौर्य","वैदिक काल","संगम","सिंधु घाटी","हड़प्पा सभ्यता"],"papers":["prelims","gs1"],"w":4.0,"imp":4,"h":6.0},{"id":"his-medieval","s":"history","n":"Medieval","nh":"मध्यकालीन भारत","note":"The Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526) introduced the iqta system and Indo-Islamic architecture. The Mughals built a centralised administration through the mansabdari system and land-revenue reforms (Todar Mal's zabt). Vijayanagara (founded 1336) is known for Hampi's temple-city and the amara-nayaka system. Bhakti saints (Kabir, Mirabai, Guru Nanak, the Alvars and Nayanars) and Sufi orders (Chishti, Suhrawardi) shaped devotional and syncretic traditions. Travellers like Al-Biruni, Ibn Battuta and François Bernier left accounts that historians use as sources.","noteHi":"दिल्ली सल्तनत (1206–1526) ने इक्ता व्यवस्था और इंडो-इस्लामी स्थापत्य शुरू किया। मुगलों ने मनसबदारी प्रणाली और भू-राजस्व सुधारों (टोडरमल की ज़ब्त प्रणाली) से केंद्रीकृत प्रशासन बनाया। विजयनगर (स्थापना 1336) हम्पी के मंदिर-नगर और अमर-नायक व्यवस्था के लिए प्रसिद्ध है। भक्ति संतों (कबीर, मीराबाई, गुरु नानक, आलवार और नयनार) और सूफी सिलसिलों (चिश्ती, सुहरावर्दी) ने भक्ति और समन्वयवादी परंपराएँ गढ़ीं। अल-बिरूनी, इब्न बतूता और फ्रांस्वा बर्नियर जैसे यात्रियों के विवरण स्रोत के रूप में प्रयुक्त होते हैं।","angle":"Prelims emphasises culture, religious movements and administration terms.","angleHi":"प्रारंभिक में संस्कृति, धार्मिक आंदोलन और प्रशासनिक शब्दावली पर बल।","ncert":["Themes in Indian History – II (Class 12) — Bhakti–Sufi Traditions","Themes in Indian History – II (Class 12) — An Imperial Capital: Vijayanagara","Themes in Indian History – II (Class 12) — Through the Eyes of Travellers","Themes in Indian History – II (Class 12) — Peasants, Zamindars and the State"],"kw":["akbar","bernier","bhakti","chishti","cholas","delhi sultanate","ibn battuta","kabir","mansabdari","marathas","mughals","sufi","travellers","vijayanagara","अकबर","इब्न बतूता","कबीर","चिश्ती","दिल्ली सल्तनत","भक्ति आंदोलन","मनसबदारी","मुगल","विजयनगर","सूफी"],"papers":["prelims","gs1"],"w":3.0,"imp":3,"h":5.0},{"id":"his-modern","s":"history","n":"Modern","nh":"आधुनिक भारत","note":"After Plassey (1757) and Buxar (1764), the East India Company gained diwani of Bengal. Revenue systems included the Permanent Settlement with zamindars (Cornwallis, 1793), Ryotwari with cultivators (Madras and Bombay) and Mahalwari with village communities (north-west). Expansion used the Subsidiary Alliance (Wellesley) and the Doctrine of Lapse (Dalhousie). The Revolt of 1857 led to the end of Company rule through the Government of India Act, 1858. Reformers such as Raja Ram Mohun Roy (Brahmo Samaj, campaign against sati), Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar (widow remarriage), Jyotirao Phule (Satyashodhak Samaj) and Syed Ahmad Khan (Aligarh) challenged social practices.","noteHi":"प्लासी (1757) और बक्सर (1764) के बाद ईस्ट इंडिया कंपनी को बंगाल की दीवानी मिली। राजस्व व्यवस्थाएँ: ज़मींदारों के साथ स्थायी बंदोबस्त (कॉर्नवालिस, 1793), किसानों के साथ रैयतवाड़ी (मद्रास और बंबई) और ग्राम समुदायों के साथ महालवाड़ी (उत्तर-पश्चिम)। विस्तार के साधन: सहायक संधि (वेलेज़ली) और व्यपगत का सिद्धांत (डलहौज़ी)। 1857 के विद्रोह के बाद भारत सरकार अधिनियम, 1858 से कंपनी शासन समाप्त हुआ। राजा राममोहन राय (ब्रह्म समाज, सती विरोध), ईश्वरचंद्र विद्यासागर (विधवा पुनर्विवाह), ज्योतिराव फुले (सत्यशोधक समाज) और सैयद अहमद खान (अलीगढ़) ने सामाजिक कुरीतियों को चुनौती दी।","angle":"Prelims tests governors-general, acts and reform organisations; Mains asks about the nature of 1857 and of reform movements.","angleHi":"प्रारंभिक में गवर्नर-जनरल, अधिनियम और सुधार संगठन; मुख्य में 1857 और सुधार आंदोलनों का स्वरूप।","ncert":["Our Pasts – III (Class 8) — From Trade to Territory","Our Pasts – III (Class 8) — Ruling the Countryside","Our Pasts – III (Class 8) — When People Rebel 1857 and After","Our Pasts – III (Class 8) — Women, Caste and Reform","Themes in Indian History – III (Class 12) — Colonialism and the Countryside","Themes in Indian History – III (Class 12) — Rebels and the Raj"],"kw":["1857 का विद्रोह","aligarh movement","american revolution","arya samaj","birsa munda","brahmo samaj","buxar","capitalism","cold war","colonialism","communism","deccan riots","decolonisation","doctrine of lapse","eka movement","french revolution","indigo revolt","industrial revolution","italy","jyotiba phule","kisan sabha","mahalwari","moplah","munda ulgulan","nationalism","permanent settlement","plassey","raja ram mohan roy","revolt of 1857","russian revolution","ryotwari","santhal rebellion","socialism","subsidiary alliance","tebhaga","telangana movement","trade unions","unification of germany","widow remarriage","world war i"],"papers":["prelims","gs1"],"w":5.0,"imp":5,"h":12.0},{"id":"his-freedom","s":"history","n":"Freedom Struggle","nh":"स्वतंत्रता संग्राम","note":"The Indian National Congress (1885) began with moderate constitutional methods. The Partition of Bengal (1905) sparked the Swadeshi movement and the rise of extremists. Gandhi's early satyagrahas (Champaran 1917, Kheda and Ahmedabad 1918) led to mass movements: Non-Cooperation (1920–22, withdrawn after Chauri Chaura), Civil Disobedience (from the 1930 Dandi March) and Quit India (1942). Constitutional milestones include the Government of India Acts of 1919 (dyarchy in provinces) and 1935 (provincial autonomy, proposed federation). The Cabinet Mission (1946) proposed a Constituent Assembly, and the Mountbatten Plan led to independence and partition in August 1947.","noteHi":"भारतीय राष्ट्रीय कांग्रेस (1885) ने नरमपंथी संवैधानिक तरीकों से शुरुआत की। बंगाल विभाजन (1905) से स्वदेशी आंदोलन और गरमपंथियों का उदय हुआ। गांधी के आरंभिक सत्याग्रह (चंपारण 1917, खेड़ा और अहमदाबाद 1918) जन आंदोलनों तक ले गए: असहयोग (1920–22, चौरी-चौरा के बाद वापस), सविनय अवज्ञा (1930 के दांडी मार्च से) और भारत छोड़ो (1942)। संवैधानिक पड़ाव: भारत सरकार अधिनियम 1919 (प्रांतों में द्वैध शासन) और 1935 (प्रांतीय स्वायत्तता, प्रस्तावित संघ)। कैबिनेट मिशन (1946) ने संविधान सभा प्रस्तावित की और माउंटबेटन योजना से अगस्त 1947 में स्वतंत्रता और विभाजन हुआ।","angle":"The single most consistent Prelims area in history; Mains asks about contributions from different regions and groups.","angleHi":"इतिहास में प्रारंभिक का सबसे स्थायी क्षेत्र; मुख्य में विभिन्न क्षेत्रों और वर्गों का योगदान।","ncert":["India and the Contemporary World – II (Class 10) — Nationalism in India","Themes in Indian History – III (Class 12) — Mahatma Gandhi and the Nationalist Movement","Our Pasts – III (Class 8) — The Making of the National Movement: 1870s–1947"],"kw":["cabinet mission","champaran","civil disobedience","cripps mission","dandi","extremists","home rule","ina","indian national congress","khilafat","moderates","mountbatten plan","non-cooperation","partition of bengal","quit india","subhas chandra bose","swadeshi","असहयोग आंदोलन","आज़ाद हिंद फ़ौज","कैबिनेट मिशन","खिलाफत","गरमपंथी","चंपारण","दांडी","नरमपंथी","बंगाल विभाजन","भारत छोड़ो","भारतीय राष्ट्रीय कांग्रेस","सविनय अवज्ञा","स्वदेशी","होम रूल"],"papers":["prelims","gs1"],"w":5.0,"imp":5,"h":6.0},{"id":"his-postind","s":"history","n":"Post Independence","nh":"स्वतंत्रता के बाद","note":"About 560 princely states were integrated through Instruments of Accession, with Sardar Patel and V.P. Menon leading the process; Junagadh, Hyderabad and Kashmir were difficult cases. Potti Sriramulu's death in 1952 led to the creation of Andhra State, and the States Reorganisation Commission (Fazl Ali) led to the States Reorganisation Act, 1956 based broadly on language. Other consolidation themes include the official language question, land reform, planned industrialisation and non-alignment in foreign policy.","noteHi":"लगभग 560 रियासतों का विलय पत्रों के माध्यम से एकीकरण हुआ, जिसका नेतृत्व सरदार पटेल और वी.पी. मेनन ने किया; जूनागढ़, हैदराबाद और कश्मीर कठिन मामले थे। 1952 में पोट्टी श्रीरामुलु की मृत्यु से आंध्र राज्य बना, और फज़ल अली के राज्य पुनर्गठन आयोग से राज्य पुनर्गठन अधिनियम, 1956 मोटे तौर पर भाषा के आधार पर आया। अन्य विषय: राजभाषा प्रश्न, भूमि सुधार, नियोजित औद्योगीकरण और विदेश नीति में गुटनिरपेक्षता।","angle":"Mains GS-I asks how India held together diversity after 1947.","angleHi":"GS-I में पूछा जाता है कि 1947 के बाद भारत ने विविधता को कैसे एकजुट रखा।","ncert":["Politics in India since Independence (Class 12) — Challenges of Nation Building","Politics in India since Independence (Class 12) — Regional Aspirations","Politics in India since Independence (Class 12) — Era of One-Party Dominance","Politics in India since Independence (Class 12) — Politics of Planned Development"],"kw":["green revolution","integration of princely states","land reforms","language policy","linguistic reorganisation","non-alignment","potti sriramulu","sardar patel","states reorganisation commission","गुटनिरपेक्षता","पोट्टी श्रीरामुलु","भाषाई पुनर्गठन","राज्य पुनर्गठन आयोग","रियासतों का एकीकरण","सरदार पटेल"],"papers":["gs1"],"w":3.0,"imp":3,"h":3.0},{"id":"geo-physical","s":"geography","n":"Physical","nh":"भौतिक भूगोल","note":"Seismic waves reveal Earth's layered structure: P-waves travel through solids and liquids, while S-waves cannot pass through liquids, so their shadow zone indicates a liquid outer core. Wegener's continental drift theory (1912) was later explained by sea-floor spreading and plate tectonics: plates move at divergent, convergent and transform boundaries. Geomorphic processes include endogenic forces (diastrophism, volcanism) and exogenic forces (weathering, erosion by rivers, wind, glaciers, waves). Distinctive landforms include river meanders and oxbow lakes, karst features in limestone, glacial cirques and aeolian dunes.","noteHi":"भूकंपीय तरंगें पृथ्वी की परतदार संरचना बताती हैं: P-तरंगें ठोस और तरल दोनों में चलती हैं, जबकि S-तरंगें तरल से नहीं गुज़रतीं, इसलिए उनका छाया क्षेत्र तरल बाह्य क्रोड दर्शाता है। वेगनर के महाद्वीपीय विस्थापन सिद्धांत (1912) को बाद में सागर नितल प्रसरण और प्लेट विवर्तनिकी ने समझाया: प्लेटें अपसारी, अभिसारी और रूपांतर सीमाओं पर चलती हैं। भू-आकृतिक प्रक्रियाएँ अंतर्जात (पटल विरूपण, ज्वालामुखी) और बहिर्जात (अपक्षय, नदी, पवन, हिमनद, लहरों द्वारा अपरदन) हैं। विशिष्ट स्थलरूप: नदी विसर्प और गोखुर झील, चूना-पत्थर में कार्स्ट, हिमनदीय सर्क और पवन-निर्मित टीले।","angle":"Prelims tests mechanisms and landform identification; Mains asks for explanations with diagrams.","angleHi":"प्रारंभिक में प्रक्रियाएँ और स्थलरूप पहचान; मुख्य में चित्र सहित व्याख्या।","ncert":["Fundamentals of Physical Geography (Class 11) — Interior of the Earth","Fundamentals of Physical Geography (Class 11) — Distribution of Oceans and Continents","Fundamentals of Physical Geography (Class 11) — Geomorphic Processes","Fundamentals of Physical Geography (Class 11) — Landforms and their Evolution","Fundamentals of Physical Geography (Class 11) — The Origin and Evolution of the Earth","Fundamentals of Physical Geography (Class 11) — Composition and Structure of Atmosphere"],"kw":["aeolian","albedo","anticyclones","continental drift","core","coriolis","crust","cyclones","el nino","erosion","fluvial","fronts","glacial","insolation","inversion","iod","jet stream","karst","koppen","la nina","landforms","mantle","mohorovicic","plate tectonics","pressure belts","sea floor spreading","seismic waves","stratosphere","troposphere","weathering","अपक्षय","अपरदन","एल नीनो","एल्बिडो","कोरिओलिस बल","क्रोड","क्षोभमंडल","चक्रवात","जेट धारा","प्रतिचक्रवात"],"papers":["prelims","gs1"],"w":4.0,"imp":4,"h":8.0},{"id":"geo-indian","s":"geography","n":"Indian","nh":"भारत का भूगोल","note":"India has six physiographic divisions: the Himalayas, the Northern Plains, the Peninsular Plateau, the Indian Desert, the Coastal Plains and the Islands. Himalayan rivers (Indus, Ganga, Brahmaputra systems) are perennial, fed by snow and rain, and form meanders and deltas. Peninsular rivers are mostly rain-fed and seasonal; most flow east into the Bay of Bengal, while the Narmada and Tapi flow west through rift valleys and form estuaries. The Western Ghats are continuous and higher than the discontinuous Eastern Ghats. Anamudi is the highest peak of peninsular India.","noteHi":"भारत के छह भौतिक विभाग हैं: हिमालय, उत्तरी मैदान, प्रायद्वीपीय पठार, भारतीय मरुस्थल, तटीय मैदान और द्वीप समूह। हिमालयी नदियाँ (सिंधु, गंगा, ब्रह्मपुत्र तंत्र) बर्फ़ और वर्षा से पोषित बारहमासी हैं और विसर्प व डेल्टा बनाती हैं। प्रायद्वीपीय नदियाँ अधिकतर वर्षा-पोषित और मौसमी हैं; अधिकांश पूर्व में बंगाल की खाड़ी में गिरती हैं, जबकि नर्मदा और तापी भ्रंश घाटियों से पश्चिम की ओर बहकर ज्वारनदमुख बनाती हैं। पश्चिमी घाट सतत और पूर्वी घाट से ऊँचे हैं; पूर्वी घाट खंडित हैं। अनाईमुडी प्रायद्वीपीय भारत की सबसे ऊँची चोटी है।","angle":"High-frequency Prelims (river tributaries, passes, ghats); essential base for mapping in Mains.","angleHi":"प्रारंभिक में बहुत अधिक (सहायक नदियाँ, दर्रे, घाट); मुख्य में मानचित्र का आधार।","ncert":["India: Physical Environment (Class 11) — Structure and Physiography","India: Physical Environment (Class 11) — Drainage System","Contemporary India – I (Class 9) — Physical Features of India","Contemporary India – I (Class 9) — Drainage","India: Physical Environment (Class 11) — India — Location","India: Physical Environment (Class 11) — Climate"],"kw":["alluvial soil","arid soil","black soil","brahmaputra","break in monsoon","coastal plains","deciduous forests","eastern ghats","el nino","ganga","godavari","himalaya","himalayan rivers","islands","itcz","kalbaisakhi","krishna","lakes","land degradation","laterite","mango showers","mangroves","narmada","north-east monsoon","northern plains","onset","passes","peninsular plateau","peninsular rivers","rainfall distribution","red soil","regur","retreating monsoon","soil erosion","south-west monsoon","tapi","tropical evergreen","western disturbances","western ghats","अंतर-उष्णकटिबंधीय अभिसरण क्षेत्र"],"papers":["prelims","gs1"],"w":5.0,"imp":5,"h":9.0},{"id":"geo-world","s":"geography","n":"World","nh":"विश्व भूगोल","note":"The ocean floor comprises the continental shelf, slope, deep-sea plain and trenches. Average salinity is about 35 parts per thousand; it is higher in enclosed seas in hot, dry regions and lower near river mouths and melting ice. Currents are driven by winds, density differences and the Coriolis force; warm currents (e.g., Gulf Stream, Kuroshio) moderate coastal climates, while cold currents (e.g., Humboldt) are linked to deserts and upwelling-rich fisheries. Spring tides occur when the Sun, Moon and Earth are aligned (new and full moon); neap tides at quarter phases.","noteHi":"महासागर तल में महाद्वीपीय मग्नतट, मग्न ढाल, गहन सागरीय मैदान और गर्त हैं। औसत लवणता लगभग 35 भाग प्रति हज़ार है; गर्म, शुष्क क्षेत्रों के घिरे सागरों में अधिक और नदी मुहानों तथा पिघलती बर्फ़ के पास कम होती है। धाराएँ पवनों, घनत्व अंतर और कोरिओलिस बल से चलती हैं; गर्म धाराएँ (गल्फ स्ट्रीम, कुरोशियो) तटीय जलवायु को मृदु बनाती हैं, जबकि ठंडी धाराएँ (हम्बोल्ट) मरुस्थलों और उत्प्रवाह-समृद्ध मत्स्य क्षेत्रों से जुड़ी हैं। सूर्य, चंद्रमा और पृथ्वी एक सीध में होने पर (अमावस्या व पूर्णिमा) दीर्घ ज्वार और समकोण पर होने पर लघु ज्वार आते हैं।","angle":"Mostly Prelims; Mains occasionally asks on currents' effects on climate and fisheries.","angleHi":"अधिकतर प्रारंभिक; मुख्य में कभी-कभी धाराओं का जलवायु और मत्स्यन पर प्रभाव।","ncert":["Fundamentals of Physical Geography (Class 11) — Water (Oceans)","Fundamentals of Physical Geography (Class 11) — Movements of Ocean Water","India: Physical Environment (Class 11) — Natural Hazards and Disasters","Fundamentals of Physical Geography (Class 11) — Interior of the Earth","Fundamentals of Physical Geography (Class 11) — Atmospheric Circulation and Weather Systems"],"kw":["cloudburst","continental shelf","coral reefs","critical geographical features","cyclone","earthquake","glacial lake outburst flood","gulf stream","heatwave","kuroshio","landslides","neap tide","ocean currents","ring of fire","salinity","seismic zones","spring tide","thermocline","tides","tsunami","upwelling","volcano","अग्नि वलय","उत्प्रवाह","चक्रवात","ज्वार-भाटा","ज्वालामुखी","ताप प्रवणता","दीर्घ ज्वार","प्रवाल भित्ति","बादल फटना","भूकंप","भूकंपीय क्षेत्र","भूस्खलन","महाद्वीपीय मग्नतट","महासागरीय धाराएँ","लघु ज्वार","लवणता","सुनामी","हिमनद झील विस्फोट बाढ़"],"papers":["prelims","gs1","gs3"],"w":4.0,"imp":4,"h":6.0},{"id":"geo-resources","s":"geography","n":"Resources","nh":"संसाधन","note":"India's mineral belt is concentrated on the Chota Nagpur plateau and in Odisha, Chhattisgarh and Karnataka. Industrial location depends on raw materials, power, labour, markets, transport and policy. Weight-losing industries such as iron and steel locate near raw materials (Jamshedpur near iron ore and coal), while market-oriented and \"footloose\" industries like IT services cluster in cities with skilled labour. Globally, the shift of manufacturing to East Asia reflects labour costs, supply chains and state support.","noteHi":"भारत की खनिज पेटी छोटा नागपुर पठार तथा ओडिशा, छत्तीसगढ़ और कर्नाटक में केंद्रित है। उद्योगों की अवस्थिति कच्चे माल, शक्ति, श्रम, बाज़ार, परिवहन और नीति पर निर्भर है। लौह-इस्पात जैसे भार-ह्रासी उद्योग कच्चे माल के पास लगते हैं (लौह अयस्क और कोयले के पास जमशेदपुर), जबकि आईटी जैसे \"स्वतंत्र\" उद्योग कुशल श्रम वाले नगरों में केंद्रित होते हैं। वैश्विक स्तर पर विनिर्माण का पूर्वी एशिया की ओर खिसकना श्रम लागत, आपूर्ति शृंखला और राज्य सहायता को दर्शाता है।","angle":"Mains GS-I directly asks about factors behind industrial location; Prelims maps minerals.","angleHi":"GS-I में सीधे उद्योगों की अवस्थिति के कारक पूछे जाते हैं; प्रारंभिक में खनिज मानचित्र।","ncert":["India: People and Economy (Class 12) — Mineral and Energy Resources","Fundamentals of Human Geography (Class 12) — Secondary Activities","Fundamentals of Human Geography (Class 12) — Primary Activities","Contemporary India – II (Class 10) — Manufacturing Industries","Contemporary India – II (Class 10) — Minerals and Energy Resources"],"kw":["battery storage","bauxite","chota nagpur","coal","critical minerals","energy transition","ethanol blending","footloose industry","green hydrogen","industrial location","international solar alliance","iron ore","it hubs","manganese","mica","nuclear power","panchamrit","renewable energy","sez","solar","steel plants","textile","weber","wind","अंतरराष्ट्रीय सौर गठबंधन","अभ्रक","उद्योगों की अवस्थिति","कोयला","छोटा नागपुर पठार","नवीकरणीय ऊर्जा","पंचामृत","परमाणु ऊर्जा","पवन ऊर्जा","बॉक्साइट","महत्वपूर्ण खनिज","मैंगनीज़","लौह अयस्क","लौह-इस्पात संयंत्र","वेबर","सौर ऊर्जा"],"papers":["prelims","gs1","gs3"],"w":4.0,"imp":4,"h":6.0},{"id":"geo-mapping","s":"geography","n":"Mapping","nh":"मानचित्र अध्ययन","note":"Map questions test places in the news and core physical features: rivers and their tributaries, mountain passes (Zoji La, Shipki La, Nathu La, Bomdila), national parks, straits (Hormuz, Malacca, Bab-el-Mandeb) and the states crossed by key latitudes. The Tropic of Cancer passes through eight Indian states: Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura and Mizoram. Practise on a blank map every week and add each new place from current affairs.","noteHi":"मानचित्र प्रश्न समाचारों में आए स्थानों और प्रमुख भौतिक लक्षणों पर आधारित होते हैं: नदियाँ और सहायक नदियाँ, दर्रे (ज़ोजिला, शिपकी ला, नाथू ला, बोमडिला), राष्ट्रीय उद्यान, जलडमरूमध्य (होर्मुज़, मलक्का, बाब-अल-मंदेब) और प्रमुख अक्षांशों से गुज़रने वाले राज्य। कर्क रेखा भारत के आठ राज्यों से गुज़रती है: गुजरात, राजस्थान, मध्य प्रदेश, छत्तीसगढ़, झारखंड, पश्चिम बंगाल, त्रिपुरा और मिज़ोरम। हर सप्ताह रिक्त मानचित्र पर अभ्यास करें और समसामयिकी के हर नए स्थान को जोड़ें।","angle":"Prelims regularly asks location-based questions; Mains answers gain marks with neat maps and diagrams.","angleHi":"प्रारंभिक में स्थान-आधारित प्रश्न नियमित आते हैं; मुख्य परीक्षा में साफ़ मानचित्र और आरेख अंक बढ़ाते हैं।","ncert":["Contemporary India – I (Class 9) — India – Size and Location","India: Physical Environment (Class 11) — Structure and Physiography"],"kw":["gulf","island","location","map","pass","peninsula","strait","tropic of cancer","कर्क रेखा","जलडमरूमध्य","दर्रा","मानचित्र"],"papers":["prelims","gs1"],"w":3.5,"imp":4,"h":3},{"id":"eco-growth","s":"economy","n":"Growth","nh":"संवृद्धि","note":"Planned development (1951–2017) emphasised heavy industry (Mahalanobis model in the Second Plan) and a public sector \"commanding heights\". The 1991 reforms (liberalisation, privatisation, globalisation) followed a balance-of-payments crisis: industrial licensing was largely abolished, trade barriers reduced and foreign investment liberalised. NITI Aayog replaced the Planning Commission in 2015 as a policy think tank. Inclusive growth focuses on broad-based gains — employment, regional balance and access to services. Production Linked Incentive schemes (2020 onwards) aim to boost manufacturing in select sectors.","noteHi":"नियोजित विकास (1951–2017) ने भारी उद्योग (द्वितीय योजना में महालनोबिस मॉडल) और सार्वजनिक क्षेत्र पर बल दिया। 1991 के सुधार (उदारीकरण, निजीकरण, वैश्वीकरण) भुगतान-संतुलन संकट के बाद हुए: औद्योगिक लाइसेंसिंग लगभग समाप्त हुई, व्यापार बाधाएँ घटीं और विदेशी निवेश उदार हुआ। 2015 में नीति आयोग ने योजना आयोग का स्थान लिया। समावेशी विकास रोज़गार, क्षेत्रीय संतुलन और सेवाओं तक पहुँच पर केंद्रित है। उत्पादन से जुड़ी प्रोत्साहन योजनाएँ (2020 से) चुनिंदा क्षेत्रों में विनिर्माण बढ़ाने का लक्ष्य रखती हैं।","angle":"Mains asks about the effects of liberalisation and structural transformation; Prelims tests reform milestones.","angleHi":"मुख्य में उदारीकरण के प्रभाव और संरचनात्मक परिवर्तन; प्रारंभिक में सुधारों की प्रमुख घटनाएँ।","ncert":["Indian Economic Development (Class 11) — Indian Economy 1950–1990","Indian Economic Development (Class 11) — Liberalisation, Privatisation and Globalisation: An Appraisal","Indian Economic Development (Class 11) — Indian Economy on the Eve of Independence","Understanding Economic Development (Class 10) — Sectors of the Indian Economy"],"kw":["1991 के सुधार","ease of doing business","five year plans","gini","inclusive growth","industrial policy","lpg reforms 1991","mahalanobis","make in india","msme","niti aayog","pli scheme","उत्पादन से जुड़ा प्रोत्साहन","उदारीकरण","नीति आयोग","पंचवर्षीय योजनाएँ","महालनोबिस मॉडल","मेक इन इंडिया","समावेशी विकास"],"papers":["prelims","gs3"],"w":4.0,"imp":4,"h":3.0},{"id":"eco-inflation","s":"economy","n":"Inflation","nh":"मुद्रास्फीति","note":"CPI (published by NSO under MoSPI) measures retail prices and is the RBI's target metric; WPI (by the Office of the Economic Adviser, DPIIT) measures wholesale prices and excludes services. Core inflation excludes volatile food and fuel. The Periodic Labour Force Survey reports labour force participation, worker population ratio and unemployment rate. India's challenge is informality and underemployment rather than open unemployment. The four labour codes consolidate 29 central labour laws.","noteHi":"CPI (सांख्यिकी मंत्रालय का राष्ट्रीय सांख्यिकी कार्यालय) खुदरा कीमतें मापता है और RBI का लक्ष्य-मापक है; WPI (DPIIT का आर्थिक सलाहकार कार्यालय) थोक कीमतें मापता है और सेवाओं को शामिल नहीं करता। कोर मुद्रास्फीति अस्थिर खाद्य और ईंधन को हटाकर मापी जाती है। आवधिक श्रम बल सर्वेक्षण श्रम बल भागीदारी और बेरोज़गारी दर बताता है। भारत की चुनौती खुली बेरोज़गारी से अधिक अनौपचारिकता और अल्प-रोज़गार है। चार श्रम संहिताएँ 29 केंद्रीय श्रम कानूनों को समेकित करती हैं।","angle":"Mains asks why growth has not created enough quality jobs; Prelims asks which agency publishes which index.","angleHi":"मुख्य में \"विकास के बावजूद गुणवत्तापूर्ण रोज़गार क्यों नहीं\"; प्रारंभिक में कौन-सी संस्था कौन-सा सूचकांक जारी करती है।","ncert":["Introductory Macroeconomics (Class 12) — Determination of Income and Employment","Indian Economic Development (Class 11) — Employment: Growth, Informalisation and Other Issues"],"kw":["core inflation","cpi","demographic dividend","gdp deflator","gva","informal sector","jobless growth","labour codes","plfs","stagflation","unemployment","wpi","अनौपचारिक क्षेत्र","आवधिक श्रम बल सर्वेक्षण","उपभोक्ता मूल्य सूचकांक","कोर मुद्रास्फीति","जनसांख्यिकीय लाभांश","थोक मूल्य सूचकांक","बेरोज़गारी","श्रम संहिताएँ"],"papers":["prelims","gs3"],"w":4.0,"imp":4,"h":3.0},{"id":"eco-banking","s":"economy","n":"Banking","nh":"बैंकिंग","note":"India's banking system has scheduled commercial banks (public, private, foreign), regional rural banks, cooperative banks, small finance banks and payments banks, all regulated by the RBI. After the 2019–20 mergers there are 12 public sector banks. Stressed assets are handled through the SARFAESI Act, 2002 and the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016; Basel III norms set capital and liquidity buffers. Financial inclusion rests on PM Jan Dhan Yojana accounts, UPI payments and banking correspondents.","noteHi":"भारत की बैंकिंग प्रणाली में अनुसूचित वाणिज्यिक बैंक (सार्वजनिक, निजी, विदेशी), क्षेत्रीय ग्रामीण बैंक, सहकारी बैंक, लघु वित्त बैंक और भुगतान बैंक हैं, जिनका नियमन RBI करता है। 2019–20 के विलयों के बाद 12 सार्वजनिक क्षेत्र के बैंक हैं। दबावग्रस्त परिसंपत्तियों का समाधान SARFAESI अधिनियम, 2002 और दिवाला एवं शोधन अक्षमता संहिता, 2016 से होता है; बेसल III मानक पूँजी और तरलता बफ़र तय करते हैं। वित्तीय समावेशन प्रधानमंत्री जन-धन खातों, UPI भुगतान और बैंकिंग प्रतिनिधियों पर आधारित है।","angle":"Prelims tests bank types, NPA tools and inclusion schemes; Mains (GS-III) asks about NPAs, PSB reform and digital payments.","angleHi":"प्रारंभिक में बैंकों के प्रकार, NPA उपकरण और समावेशन योजनाएँ; मुख्य (GS-III) में NPA, सार्वजनिक बैंक सुधार और डिजिटल भुगतान।","ncert":["Introductory Macroeconomics (Class 12) — Money and Banking","Understanding Economic Development (Class 10) — Money and Credit"],"kw":["bank","banking","basel","financial inclusion","ibc","insolvency","jan dhan","non-performing","npa","payments bank","sarfaesi","small finance bank","upi","बैंक","बैंकिंग","वित्तीय समावेशन"],"papers":["prelims","gs3"],"w":3.5,"imp":4,"h":3},{"id":"eco-monetary","s":"economy","n":"Monetary Policy","nh":"मौद्रिक नीति","note":"The RBI Act was amended in 2016 to adopt flexible inflation targeting; the target is 4% CPI inflation with a band of 2–6%, set by the Government in consultation with the RBI. The six-member Monetary Policy Committee decides the policy repo rate. The Standing Deposit Facility (2022) replaced the fixed reverse repo as the floor of the liquidity corridor, with the Marginal Standing Facility as the ceiling. CRR and SLR are reserve requirements; open market operations manage liquidity. The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 created a time-bound resolution process for stressed assets. UPI and the e-rupee (CBDC) are central to payments policy.","noteHi":"2016 में RBI अधिनियम संशोधित कर लचीला मुद्रास्फीति लक्ष्यीकरण अपनाया गया; लक्ष्य 4% CPI मुद्रास्फीति (2–6% सीमा) है, जिसे सरकार RBI से परामर्श कर तय करती है। छह सदस्यीय मौद्रिक नीति समिति रेपो दर तय करती है। स्थायी जमा सुविधा (2022) ने तरलता गलियारे के निचले छोर पर निश्चित रिवर्स रेपो की जगह ली; ऊपरी छोर सीमांत स्थायी सुविधा है। CRR और SLR आरक्षित आवश्यकताएँ हैं; खुले बाज़ार की क्रियाएँ तरलता प्रबंधित करती हैं। दिवाला एवं शोधन अक्षमता संहिता, 2016 ने दबावग्रस्त परिसंपत्तियों के समयबद्ध समाधान की प्रक्रिया बनाई।","angle":"Prelims regularly tests instruments and their effects; Mains asks about inflation management and banking reform.","angleHi":"प्रारंभिक में साधन और उनके प्रभाव नियमित पूछे जाते हैं; मुख्य में मुद्रास्फीति प्रबंधन और बैंकिंग सुधार।","ncert":["Introductory Macroeconomics (Class 12) — Money and Banking","Understanding Economic Development (Class 10) — Money and Credit"],"kw":["bank recapitalisation","cpi","crr","digital rupee","ibc","inflation targeting","monetary policy committee","npa","open market operations","payments bank","rbi","repo rate","reverse repo","slr","standing deposit facility","upi","एनपीए","खुले बाज़ार की क्रियाएँ","दिवाला एवं शोधन अक्षमता संहिता","नकद आरक्षित अनुपात","भारतीय रिज़र्व बैंक","मुद्रास्फीति लक्ष्यीकरण","मौद्रिक नीति समिति","यूपीआई","रेपो दर","सांविधिक तरलता अनुपात"],"papers":["prelims","gs3"],"w":5.0,"imp":5,"h":4.0},{"id":"eco-fiscal","s":"economy","n":"Fiscal Policy","nh":"राजकोषीय नीति","note":"The Union Budget is the Annual Financial Statement under Art. 112. Fiscal deficit equals total expenditure minus total receipts excluding borrowings; primary deficit is fiscal deficit minus interest payments; revenue deficit is revenue expenditure minus revenue receipts. The FRBM Act, 2003 set targets for deficit and debt reduction. Money is withdrawn from the Consolidated Fund of India only through an Appropriation Act, while the Finance Bill carries tax proposals. Capital expenditure has a higher multiplier than revenue spending, which is why recent budgets emphasise public capex.","noteHi":"केंद्रीय बजट अनु. 112 के अंतर्गत वार्षिक वित्तीय विवरण है। राजकोषीय घाटा = कुल व्यय − उधार को छोड़कर कुल प्राप्तियाँ; प्राथमिक घाटा = राजकोषीय घाटा − ब्याज भुगतान; राजस्व घाटा = राजस्व व्यय − राजस्व प्राप्तियाँ। एफआरबीएम अधिनियम, 2003 ने घाटा और ऋण घटाने के लक्ष्य तय किए। भारत की संचित निधि से धन केवल विनियोग अधिनियम द्वारा निकाला जा सकता है, जबकि वित्त विधेयक कर प्रस्ताव लाता है। पूँजीगत व्यय का गुणक राजस्व व्यय से अधिक है, इसलिए हाल के बजट सार्वजनिक पूँजीगत व्यय पर बल देते हैं।","angle":"Prelims tests definitions and budget procedure; Mains asks about fiscal consolidation versus growth and quality of expenditure.","angleHi":"प्रारंभिक में परिभाषाएँ और बजट प्रक्रिया; मुख्य में राजकोषीय समेकन बनाम विकास और व्यय की गुणवत्ता।","ncert":["Introductory Macroeconomics (Class 12) — Government Budget and the Economy","Introductory Macroeconomics (Class 12) — National Income Accounting"],"kw":["annual financial statement","appropriation bill","article 112","capital expenditure","consolidated fund","contingency fund","cut motion","finance bill","fiscal deficit","frbm act","primary deficit","revenue deficit","union budget","एफआरबीएम अधिनियम","केंद्रीय बजट","पूँजीगत व्यय","प्राथमिक घाटा","भारत की संचित निधि","राजकोषीय घाटा","राजस्व घाटा","वार्षिक वित्तीय विवरण","विनियोग विधेयक"],"papers":["prelims","gs3"],"w":5.0,"imp":5,"h":4.0},{"id":"eco-budget","s":"economy","n":"Budget","nh":"बजट","note":"Goods and Services Tax, introduced on 1 July 2017 through the 101st Amendment, subsumed most indirect taxes. It is destination-based: CGST and SGST apply to intra-state supplies and IGST to inter-state supplies. The GST Council (Art. 279A), chaired by the Union Finance Minister, recommends rates and rules; decisions need three-fourths of weighted votes. Petroleum crude, diesel, petrol, natural gas and ATF are currently outside GST, and alcohol for human consumption is constitutionally excluded. States received compensation for revenue shortfalls for five years.","noteHi":"1 जुलाई 2017 को 101वें संशोधन से लागू वस्तु एवं सेवा कर ने अधिकांश अप्रत्यक्ष करों को समाहित किया। यह गंतव्य-आधारित है: राज्य के भीतर आपूर्ति पर CGST और SGST तथा अंतर-राज्य आपूर्ति पर IGST लगता है। केंद्रीय वित्त मंत्री की अध्यक्षता वाली जीएसटी परिषद (अनु. 279क) दरों और नियमों की सिफारिश करती है; निर्णय भारित मतों के तीन-चौथाई से होते हैं। कच्चा पेट्रोलियम, डीज़ल, पेट्रोल, प्राकृतिक गैस और विमान ईंधन अभी जीएसटी से बाहर हैं, और मानव उपभोग हेतु शराब संवैधानिक रूप से बाहर है। राज्यों को पाँच वर्ष तक राजस्व हानि की क्षतिपूर्ति मिली।","angle":"Mains: GST and cooperative federalism, rate rationalisation; Prelims: structure and exclusions.","angleHi":"मुख्य: जीएसटी और सहकारी संघवाद, दर युक्तिकरण; प्रारंभिक: संरचना और अपवाद।","ncert":["Introductory Macroeconomics (Class 12) — Government Budget and the Economy"],"kw":["101st amendment","101वाँ संशोधन","cgst","compensation cess","direct tax","fiscal federalism","gst","gst council","igst","indirect tax","sgst","tax buoyancy","अप्रत्यक्ष कर","आईजीएसटी","क्षतिपूर्ति उपकर","जीएसटी परिषद","प्रत्यक्ष कर","वस्तु एवं सेवा कर"],"papers":["prelims","gs3"],"w":3.0,"imp":4,"h":3.0},{"id":"eco-external","s":"economy","n":"External Sector","nh":"बाह्य क्षेत्र","note":"The balance of payments has a current account (merchandise trade, services, remittances and other invisibles) and a capital account (FDI, portfolio flows, external commercial borrowings). India usually runs a trade deficit in goods, partly offset by services exports and remittances. The rupee follows a managed float: the RBI intervenes using forex reserves to curb volatility. The rupee is fully convertible on the current account since 1994 but only partially on the capital account. FEMA, 1999 replaced FERA. Trade policy is shaped by WTO rules and India's free trade agreements.","noteHi":"भुगतान संतुलन में चालू खाता (वस्तु व्यापार, सेवाएँ, धनप्रेषण और अन्य अदृश्य मदें) और पूँजी खाता (FDI, पोर्टफ़ोलियो प्रवाह, बाह्य वाणिज्यिक उधार) होते हैं। भारत का वस्तु व्यापार प्रायः घाटे में रहता है, जिसकी आंशिक भरपाई सेवा निर्यात और धनप्रेषण से होती है। रुपया प्रबंधित अस्थायी विनिमय दर पर चलता है: RBI विदेशी मुद्रा भंडार से अस्थिरता नियंत्रित करता है। 1994 से रुपया चालू खाते पर पूर्ण परिवर्तनीय है, पर पूँजी खाते पर आंशिक। FEMA, 1999 ने FERA का स्थान लिया। व्यापार नीति WTO नियमों और मुक्त व्यापार समझौतों से प्रभावित है।","angle":"Prelims tests BoP components and convertibility; Mains asks about CAD, rupee depreciation and FTAs.","angleHi":"प्रारंभिक में भुगतान संतुलन के घटक और परिवर्तनीयता; मुख्य में चालू खाता घाटा, रुपये का अवमूल्यन और मुक्त व्यापार समझौते।","ncert":["Introductory Macroeconomics (Class 12) — Open Economy Macroeconomics","Indian Economic Development (Class 11) — Liberalisation, Privatisation and Globalisation"],"kw":["balance of payments","current account deficit","exchange rate","exports","fdi","fema","forex reserves","fpi","free trade agreement","imports","remittances","rupee","tariff","trade deficit","आयात","निर्यात","भुगतान संतुलन","रुपया","विदेशी मुद्रा"],"papers":["prelims","gs3"],"w":3.5,"imp":4,"h":3},{"id":"eco-agri","s":"economy","n":"Agriculture","nh":"कृषि","note":"Indian cropping follows the seasons: kharif (sown with the monsoon, e.g., rice, maize, cotton), rabi (sown in winter, e.g., wheat, mustard, gram) and zaid (short summer season). The Green Revolution of the 1960s combined high-yielding varieties, irrigation and fertiliser, raising wheat output but concentrating gains in irrigated regions and causing groundwater and soil stress. Land reforms abolished intermediaries and set ceilings but tenancy reform remained uneven. Recent tools include e-NAM (online agricultural markets), Farmer Producer Organisations, PM Fasal Bima Yojana and promotion of micro-irrigation under \"Per Drop More Crop\".","noteHi":"भारतीय फसलें ऋतुओं पर आधारित हैं: खरीफ (मानसून के साथ बोई जाती है, जैसे चावल, मक्का, कपास), रबी (शीत ऋतु में, जैसे गेहूँ, सरसों, चना) और जायद (छोटी ग्रीष्म ऋतु)। 1960 के दशक की हरित क्रांति ने उच्च उपज वाली किस्मों, सिंचाई और उर्वरक को मिलाकर गेहूँ उत्पादन बढ़ाया, पर लाभ सिंचित क्षेत्रों तक सीमित रहे और भूजल व मृदा पर दबाव बढ़ा। भूमि सुधारों ने बिचौलियों को समाप्त किया और सीमा तय की, पर काश्तकारी सुधार असमान रहा। नए उपकरण: ई-नाम, किसान उत्पादक संगठन, प्रधानमंत्री फसल बीमा योजना और \"प्रति बूँद अधिक फसल\"।","angle":"A GS-III mainstay (doubling incomes, marketing, water stress) and frequent in Prelims through crop–season–region questions.","angleHi":"GS-III का मुख्य आधार (आय, विपणन, जल संकट) और प्रारंभिक में फसल–ऋतु–क्षेत्र प्रश्न।","ncert":["Contemporary India – II (Class 10) — Agriculture","India: People and Economy (Class 12) — Land Resources and Agriculture","India: People and Economy (Class 12) — Water Resources","Economics (Class 9) — Food Security in India","Indian Economic Development (Class 11) — Rural Development","India: People and Economy (Class 12) — Transport and Communication"],"kw":["amber box","bharatmala","bot","buffer stock","cacp","contract farming","crop insurance","cropping pattern","dedicated freight corridor","e-nam","epc","fci","fertiliser subsidy","food processing","fpo","green box","green revolution","hybrid annuity model","invit","irrigation","kharif","land reforms","micro irrigation","msp","national infrastructure pipeline","national monetisation pipeline","nutrient based subsidy","one nation one ration card","operation greens","pds","pm gati shakti","pmfby","pmksy","ppp","rabi","renewable energy","sagarmala","soil health card","toll operate transfer","udan"],"papers":["prelims","gs1","gs3"],"w":5.0,"imp":5,"h":10.0},{"id":"env-ecology","s":"environment","n":"Ecology","nh":"पारिस्थितिकी","note":"Ecosystems have producers, consumers and decomposers linked through food chains and webs. Only about 10% of energy passes to the next trophic level (Lindeman's ten percent law), so pyramids of energy are always upright, while pyramids of biomass can be inverted in aquatic ecosystems. Nutrients cycle through biogeochemical cycles; nitrogen is fixed by bacteria such as Rhizobium. Ecological succession moves from pioneer communities to a climax community. Keystone species have disproportionate effects on community structure.","noteHi":"पारितंत्र में उत्पादक, उपभोक्ता और अपघटक खाद्य शृंखलाओं और जालों से जुड़े होते हैं। अगले पोषी स्तर तक केवल लगभग 10% ऊर्जा पहुँचती है (लिंडमैन का दस प्रतिशत नियम), इसलिए ऊर्जा का पिरामिड सदा सीधा होता है, जबकि जलीय पारितंत्र में जैवभार का पिरामिड उल्टा हो सकता है। पोषक तत्व जैव-भू-रासायनिक चक्रों में घूमते हैं; नाइट्रोजन का स्थिरीकरण राइज़ोबियम जैसे जीवाणु करते हैं। पारिस्थितिक अनुक्रमण अग्रणी समुदाय से चरम समुदाय तक जाता है। कीस्टोन प्रजातियाँ समुदाय संरचना पर असमान रूप से अधिक प्रभाव डालती हैं।","angle":"Prelims-oriented basic concepts; feeds into environment questions.","angleHi":"प्रारंभिक-उन्मुख मूल अवधारणाएँ; पर्यावरण प्रश्नों का आधार।","ncert":["Biology (Class 12) — Ecosystem","Biology (Class 12) — Organisms and Populations"],"kw":["biogeochemical cycles","biomes","ecological pyramids","ecological succession","energy flow","food chain","food web","keystone species","nitrogen cycle","ten percent law","trophic levels","ऊर्जा प्रवाह","कीस्टोन प्रजाति","खाद्य जाल","खाद्य शृंखला","जैव-भू-रासायनिक चक्र","दस प्रतिशत नियम","नाइट्रोजन चक्र","पारिस्थितिक अनुक्रमण","पारिस्थितिक पिरामिड","पोषी स्तर"],"papers":["prelims"],"w":4.0,"imp":3,"h":2.0},{"id":"env-biodiversity","s":"environment","n":"Biodiversity","nh":"जैव विविधता","note":"India has four of the world's 36 biodiversity hotspots: the Himalaya, Indo-Burma, Western Ghats–Sri Lanka and Sundaland (Nicobar Islands). The Convention on Biological Diversity (1992) has protocols on biosafety (Cartagena) and access and benefit sharing (Nagoya); India implements it through the Biological Diversity Act, 2002. The Kunming–Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (2022) set the \"30 by 30\" target. In-situ conservation includes national parks (no human activity rights), wildlife sanctuaries and biosphere reserves; ex-situ includes zoos and seed banks. The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 was amended in 2022 to rationalise schedules and implement CITES.","noteHi":"विश्व के 36 जैव विविधता हॉटस्पॉट में से चार भारत में हैं: हिमालय, इंडो-बर्मा, पश्चिमी घाट–श्रीलंका और सुंडालैंड (निकोबार द्वीप)। जैव विविधता अभिसमय (1992) के प्रोटोकॉल जैव सुरक्षा (कार्टाजेना) और पहुँच व लाभ साझाकरण (नागोया) पर हैं; भारत इसे जैव विविधता अधिनियम, 2002 से लागू करता है। कुनमिंग–मॉन्ट्रियल वैश्विक जैव विविधता ढाँचे (2022) ने \"30 by 30\" लक्ष्य रखा। स्वस्थाने संरक्षण में राष्ट्रीय उद्यान (मानव गतिविधि अधिकार नहीं), वन्यजीव अभयारण्य और जैवमंडल आरक्षित क्षेत्र; बाह्यस्थाने में चिड़ियाघर और बीज बैंक हैं। वन्यजीव (संरक्षण) अधिनियम, 1972 को 2022 में अनुसूचियाँ सरल करने और CITES लागू करने हेतु संशोधित किया गया।","angle":"Very high Prelims frequency (species, protected areas, conventions); Mains asks about conservation versus development.","angleHi":"प्रारंभिक में बहुत अधिक (प्रजातियाँ, संरक्षित क्षेत्र, अभिसमय); मुख्य में संरक्षण बनाम विकास।","ncert":["Fundamentals of Physical Geography (Class 11) — Biodiversity and Conservation","Biology (Class 12) — Biodiversity and Conservation","Biology (Class 12) — Ecosystem","Contemporary India – II (Class 10) — Forest and Wildlife Resources"],"kw":["biodiversity hotspots","biosphere reserve","cartagena protocol","cbd","cites","invasive species","iucn red list","kunming-montreal","nagoya protocol","national park","project tiger","ramsar","schedules","wildlife protection act 1972","wildlife sanctuary","आईयूसीएन रेड लिस्ट","कार्टाजेना प्रोटोकॉल","जैव विविधता अभिसमय","जैव विविधता हॉटस्पॉट","जैवमंडल आरक्षित क्षेत्र","नागोया प्रोटोकॉल","बाघ परियोजना","रामसर","राष्ट्रीय उद्यान","वन्यजीव अभयारण्य","वन्यजीव संरक्षण अधिनियम","साइटिस"],"papers":["prelims","gs3"],"w":5.0,"imp":5,"h":4.0},{"id":"env-climate","s":"environment","n":"Climate Change","nh":"जलवायु परिवर्तन","note":"The UNFCCC (1992) set the principle of \"common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities\" (CBDR-RC). The Kyoto Protocol (1997) set binding targets only for developed countries; the Paris Agreement (2015) requires all parties to submit Nationally Determined Contributions aimed at limiting warming well below 2°C and pursuing 1.5°C. COP27 (2022) agreed to set up a Loss and Damage fund. The IPCC assesses climate science. India's commitments include net zero by 2070 and the Mission LiFE (Lifestyle for Environment) campaign; India has notified a Carbon Credit Trading Scheme under the Energy Conservation Act.","noteHi":"UNFCCC (1992) ने \"साझा किंतु विभेदित उत्तरदायित्व और संबंधित क्षमताएँ\" का सिद्धांत दिया। क्योटो प्रोटोकॉल (1997) ने केवल विकसित देशों के लिए बाध्यकारी लक्ष्य तय किए; पेरिस समझौते (2015) में सभी पक्षों को राष्ट्रीय स्तर पर निर्धारित योगदान देने हैं, ताकि तापवृद्धि 2°C से काफ़ी नीचे और 1.5°C तक सीमित रखने का प्रयास हो। COP27 (2022) में हानि और क्षति कोष बनाने पर सहमति हुई। IPCC जलवायु विज्ञान का आकलन करता है। भारत की प्रतिबद्धताओं में 2070 तक नेट ज़ीरो और मिशन लाइफ़ (पर्यावरण के लिए जीवनशैली) शामिल हैं; ऊर्जा संरक्षण अधिनियम के तहत कार्बन क्रेडिट ट्रेडिंग योजना अधिसूचित है।","angle":"High Prelims frequency (conventions, bodies) and a Mains staple on equity and climate finance.","angleHi":"प्रारंभिक में समझौते और संस्थाएँ; मुख्य में समता और जलवायु वित्त।","ncert":["Fundamentals of Physical Geography (Class 11) — World Climate and Climate Change","Contemporary World Politics (Class 12) — Environment and Natural Resources","Indian Economic Development (Class 11) — Environment and Sustainable Development"],"kw":["carbon credits","carbon market","cbdr","cop","greenhouse gases","ipcc","kyoto protocol","loss and damage fund","mission life","ndc","net zero","paris agreement","unfccc","आईपीसीसी","कार्बन बाज़ार","क्योटो प्रोटोकॉल","नेट ज़ीरो","पेरिस समझौता","मिशन लाइफ़","यूएनएफसीसीसी","राष्ट्रीय स्तर पर निर्धारित योगदान","हानि और क्षति कोष"],"papers":["prelims","gs3"],"w":5.0,"imp":5,"h":4.0},{"id":"env-pollution","s":"environment","n":"Pollution","nh":"प्रदूषण","note":"The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 is an umbrella law under which EIA notifications (1994, 2006) require prior environmental clearance for listed projects, including public hearings. The National Green Tribunal (2010) adjudicates environmental cases. The National Clean Air Programme (2019) targets particulate reduction in non-attainment cities. The Montreal Protocol (1987) phased out ozone-depleting substances, and its Kigali Amendment (2016) phases down HFCs, which are potent greenhouse gases. Extended Producer Responsibility now applies to plastic packaging, e-waste and batteries.","noteHi":"पर्यावरण (संरक्षण) अधिनियम, 1986 एक व्यापक कानून है जिसके अंतर्गत EIA अधिसूचनाएँ (1994, 2006) सूचीबद्ध परियोजनाओं के लिए जन सुनवाई सहित पूर्व पर्यावरणीय मंज़ूरी अनिवार्य करती हैं। राष्ट्रीय हरित अधिकरण (2010) पर्यावरणीय मामलों का निपटारा करता है। राष्ट्रीय स्वच्छ वायु कार्यक्रम (2019) अप्राप्ति शहरों में कणिका पदार्थ घटाने का लक्ष्य रखता है। मॉन्ट्रियल प्रोटोकॉल (1987) ने ओज़ोन-क्षयकारी पदार्थ समाप्त किए और उसका किगाली संशोधन (2016) शक्तिशाली ग्रीनहाउस गैस HFC को चरणबद्ध घटाता है। विस्तारित उत्पादक उत्तरदायित्व अब प्लास्टिक पैकेजिंग, ई-अपशिष्ट और बैटरियों पर लागू है।","angle":"Mains asks about air pollution governance and EIA dilution; Prelims tests acts, treaties and pollutants.","angleHi":"मुख्य में वायु प्रदूषण शासन और EIA शिथिलीकरण; प्रारंभिक में अधिनियम, संधियाँ और प्रदूषक।","ncert":["Indian Economic Development (Class 11) — Environment and Sustainable Development"],"kw":["air quality index","e-waste","eia notification","environment protection act 1986","kigali amendment","montreal protocol","national clean air programme","ngt","ozone","plastic waste","pm2.5","solid waste management rules","stubble burning","ई-अपशिष्ट","ओज़ोन","किगाली संशोधन","पराली जलाना","पर्यावरण प्रभाव आकलन","पर्यावरण संरक्षण अधिनियम","पीएम2.5","प्लास्टिक अपशिष्ट","मॉन्ट्रियल प्रोटोकॉल","राष्ट्रीय स्वच्छ वायु कार्यक्रम","राष्ट्रीय हरित अधिकरण","वायु गुणवत्ता सूचकांक"],"papers":["prelims","gs3"],"w":4.0,"imp":4,"h":3.0},{"id":"env-conservation","s":"environment","n":"Conservation","nh":"संरक्षण","note":"Conservation is in-situ (national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, conservation and community reserves, biosphere reserves) or ex-situ (zoos, gene and seed banks). Flagship programmes include Project Tiger (1973), Project Elephant (1992) and the cheetah reintroduction at Kuno National Park (2022). Ramsar sites protect wetlands. Eco-sensitive zones buffer protected areas, and CAMPA funds compensatory afforestation. The Forest (Conservation) Amendment Act, 2023 changed the scope of forest clearance rules.","noteHi":"संरक्षण स्वस्थाने (राष्ट्रीय उद्यान, वन्यजीव अभयारण्य, संरक्षण व सामुदायिक आरक्षित क्षेत्र, जैवमंडल आरक्षित क्षेत्र) या बाह्यस्थाने (चिड़ियाघर, जीन व बीज बैंक) होता है। प्रमुख कार्यक्रम हैं बाघ परियोजना (1973), हाथी परियोजना (1992) और कूनो राष्ट्रीय उद्यान में चीता पुनर्स्थापन (2022)। रामसर स्थल आर्द्रभूमियों की रक्षा करते हैं। पर्यावरण-संवेदी क्षेत्र संरक्षित क्षेत्रों के चारों ओर बफ़र बनाते हैं और CAMPA क्षतिपूरक वनीकरण का वित्त देता है। वन (संरक्षण) संशोधन अधिनियम, 2023 ने वन मंज़ूरी नियमों का दायरा बदला।","angle":"Prelims asks about protected areas, species and programmes; Mains asks about conservation versus development and community rights.","angleHi":"प्रारंभिक में संरक्षित क्षेत्र, प्रजातियाँ और कार्यक्रम; मुख्य में संरक्षण बनाम विकास और सामुदायिक अधिकार।","ncert":["Contemporary India – II (Class 10) — Forest and Wildlife Resources","Biology (Class 12) — Biodiversity and Conservation"],"kw":["afforestation","campa","cheetah","eco-sensitive","forest conservation","national park","project tiger","ramsar","tiger reserve","wetland","wildlife sanctuary","आर्द्रभूमि","चीता","बाघ","राष्ट्रीय उद्यान","वन संरक्षण"],"papers":["prelims","gs3"],"w":3.5,"imp":4,"h":3},{"id":"st-space","s":"science","n":"Space","nh":"अंतरिक्ष","note":"Low Earth orbits suit remote sensing; polar sun-synchronous orbits (served by PSLV) pass over a place at the same local time; geostationary orbits at about 36,000 km keep satellites fixed relative to Earth (GSLV and LVM3 launch heavier payloads). Chandrayaan-3 landed near the lunar south pole in August 2023, making India the first country to land there. Aditya-L1 observes the Sun from the L1 Lagrange point. NavIC is India's regional navigation system. The Indian Space Policy 2023 and IN-SPACe open the sector to private players.","noteHi":"निम्न भू-कक्षा सुदूर संवेदन के लिए उपयुक्त है; ध्रुवीय सूर्य-तुल्यकालिक कक्षा (PSLV द्वारा) किसी स्थान के ऊपर से एक ही स्थानीय समय पर गुज़रती है; लगभग 36,000 किमी पर भूस्थिर कक्षा उपग्रह को पृथ्वी के सापेक्ष स्थिर रखती है (भारी पेलोड GSLV और LVM3 से)। चंद्रयान-3 अगस्त 2023 में चंद्र दक्षिणी ध्रुव के पास उतरा, जिससे भारत वहाँ उतरने वाला पहला देश बना। आदित्य-एल1 L1 लैग्रांज बिंदु से सूर्य का अध्ययन करता है। नाविक भारत की क्षेत्रीय नौवहन प्रणाली है। भारतीय अंतरिक्ष नीति 2023 और IN-SPACe निजी क्षेत्र के लिए अवसर खोलते हैं।","angle":"Prelims tests mission facts and orbit types; Mains asks about the space economy and private participation.","angleHi":"प्रारंभिक में मिशन तथ्य और कक्षा प्रकार; मुख्य में अंतरिक्ष अर्थव्यवस्था और निजी भागीदारी।","ncert":[],"kw":["aditya-l1","chandrayaan-3","gaganyaan","geostationary orbit","gslv","in-space","isro","lagrange point","navic","pslv","reusable launch vehicle","space policy 2023","sun-synchronous","अंतरिक्ष नीति 2023","आदित्य-एल1","इन-स्पेस","इसरो","गगनयान","चंद्रयान-3","जीएसएलवी","नाविक","पीएसएलवी","भूस्थिर कक्षा","लैग्रांज बिंदु","सूर्य-तुल्यकालिक कक्षा"],"papers":["prelims","gs3"],"w":4.0,"imp":4,"h":3.0},{"id":"st-biotech","s":"science","n":"Biotechnology","nh":"जैव प्रौद्योगिकी","note":"Genetic engineering transfers genes across organisms; Bt cotton (approved 2002) carries a Bacillus thuringiensis gene for pest resistance and remains India's only commercially approved GM food-adjacent crop at scale, while GM mustard received environmental release approval in 2022 amid litigation. The Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee under the Environment Ministry regulates GMOs. CRISPR-Cas9 enables precise gene editing; India exempted certain site-directed nuclease edits without foreign DNA from GMO rules in 2022. mRNA vaccines instruct cells to make an antigen. Antimicrobial resistance is driven by overuse of antibiotics in humans and livestock.","noteHi":"आनुवंशिक अभियांत्रिकी जीवों के बीच जीन स्थानांतरित करती है; बीटी कपास (2002 में स्वीकृत) में बैसिलस थुरिंजिएंसिस का कीट-प्रतिरोधी जीन है, जबकि GM सरसों को 2022 में मुकदमेबाज़ी के बीच पर्यावरणीय रिलीज़ की स्वीकृति मिली। पर्यावरण मंत्रालय के अंतर्गत जेनेटिक इंजीनियरिंग मूल्यांकन समिति (GEAC) GMO का नियमन करती है। CRISPR-Cas9 सटीक जीन संपादन संभव बनाता है; 2022 में भारत ने विदेशी DNA रहित कुछ संपादनों को GMO नियमों से छूट दी। mRNA टीके कोशिकाओं को प्रतिजन बनाने का निर्देश देते हैं। रोगाणुरोधी प्रतिरोध मनुष्यों और पशुओं में एंटीबायोटिक के अति-प्रयोग से बढ़ता है।","angle":"Prelims tests technology basics; Mains asks about regulation and ethics.","angleHi":"प्रारंभिक में प्रौद्योगिकी की मूल बातें; मुख्य में नियमन और नैतिकता।","ncert":[],"kw":["antimicrobial resistance","biosimilars","bt cotton","crispr","geac","gene editing","genome india","gm crops","gm mustard","monoclonal antibodies","mrna vaccines","stem cells","एमआरएनए टीके","क्रिस्पर","जीईएसी","जीएम फसलें","जीएम सरसों","जीन संपादन","बीटी कपास","रोगाणुरोधी प्रतिरोध","स्टेम कोशिका"],"papers":["prelims","gs3"],"w":4.0,"imp":4,"h":3.0},{"id":"st-ai","s":"science","n":"AI","nh":"कृत्रिम बुद्धिमत्ता","note":"Artificial intelligence covers machine learning, deep learning and generative models such as large language models. India approved the IndiaAI Mission in March 2024 for compute capacity, datasets, startups and skilling. Key concerns are bias, deepfakes and misinformation, privacy (Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023), accountability and job displacement. Global approaches include the EU AI Act (2024) and the Bletchley Declaration on AI safety (2023).","noteHi":"कृत्रिम बुद्धिमत्ता में मशीन लर्निंग, डीप लर्निंग और बड़े भाषा मॉडल जैसे जनरेटिव मॉडल शामिल हैं। भारत ने मार्च 2024 में कंप्यूटिंग क्षमता, डेटासेट, स्टार्टअप और कौशल हेतु इंडिया-एआई मिशन को स्वीकृति दी। प्रमुख चिंताएँ हैं पक्षपात, डीपफ़ेक और भ्रामक सूचना, निजता (डिजिटल व्यक्तिगत डेटा संरक्षण अधिनियम, 2023), जवाबदेही और रोज़गार विस्थापन। वैश्विक दृष्टिकोणों में यूरोपीय संघ का AI अधिनियम (2024) और AI सुरक्षा पर ब्लेचली घोषणा (2023) शामिल हैं।","angle":"Prelims tests basic terms and missions; Mains (GS-III, GS-IV) asks about AI regulation, ethics and governance uses.","angleHi":"प्रारंभिक में मूल शब्दावली और मिशन; मुख्य (GS-III, GS-IV) में AI नियमन, नैतिकता और शासन में उपयोग।","ncert":[],"kw":["algorithm","artificial intelligence","chatbot","deepfake","generative ai","indiaai","large language model","machine learning","कृत्रिम बुद्धिमत्ता","डीपफ़ेक"],"papers":["prelims","gs3"],"w":3.5,"imp":4,"h":3},{"id":"st-defence","s":"science","n":"Defence Technology","nh":"रक्षा प्रौद्योगिकी","note":"Defence indigenisation is driven by DRDO, defence PSUs and private firms under the Defence Acquisition Procedure 2020, positive indigenisation lists and the iDEX innovation scheme. Milestones include the Tejas light combat aircraft, the indigenous aircraft carrier INS Vikrant (commissioned 2022), the BrahMos cruise missile developed with Russia, and the Agni-V MIRV test under Mission Divyastra (2024). Emerging areas include drones, hypersonic systems and counter-drone technology.","noteHi":"रक्षा स्वदेशीकरण DRDO, रक्षा सार्वजनिक उपक्रमों और निजी कंपनियों द्वारा रक्षा अधिग्रहण प्रक्रिया 2020, सकारात्मक स्वदेशीकरण सूचियों और iDEX नवाचार योजना के तहत हो रहा है। उपलब्धियों में तेजस हल्का लड़ाकू विमान, स्वदेशी विमानवाहक पोत INS विक्रांत (2022 में शामिल), रूस के साथ विकसित ब्रह्मोस क्रूज़ मिसाइल और मिशन दिव्यास्त्र (2024) के तहत अग्नि-V MIRV परीक्षण शामिल हैं। उभरते क्षेत्र हैं ड्रोन, हाइपरसोनिक प्रणालियाँ और ड्रोन-रोधी प्रौद्योगिकी।","angle":"Prelims asks about missiles, platforms and missions in the news; Mains asks about self-reliance in defence manufacturing.","angleHi":"प्रारंभिक में समाचारों में आई मिसाइलें, प्लेटफ़ॉर्म और मिशन; मुख्य में रक्षा विनिर्माण में आत्मनिर्भरता।","ncert":[],"kw":["agni","aircraft carrier","brahmos","defence","drdo","drone","hypersonic","indigenisation","missile","tejas","vikrant","ड्रोन","मिसाइल","रक्षा"],"papers":["prelims","gs3"],"w":3.5,"imp":4,"h":3},{"id":"st-emerging","s":"science","n":"Emerging Technology","nh":"उभरती प्रौद्योगिकी","note":"Intellectual property rights include patents, copyrights, trademarks and geographical indications; TRIPS sets WTO minimum standards. India's Patents Act, 1970 (Section 3(d)) bars patents on new forms of known substances without enhanced efficacy, upheld in Novartis v. Union of India (2013), and allows compulsory licensing (granted for Nexavar in 2012). The Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 sets consent-based processing rules and a Data Protection Board. Missions include the National Quantum Mission (2023), India Semiconductor Mission and IndiaAI Mission.","noteHi":"बौद्धिक संपदा अधिकारों में पेटेंट, कॉपीराइट, ट्रेडमार्क और भौगोलिक संकेतक शामिल हैं; TRIPS विश्व व्यापार संगठन के न्यूनतम मानक तय करता है। भारत का पेटेंट अधिनियम, 1970 (धारा 3(डी)) बढ़ी हुई प्रभावकारिता के बिना ज्ञात पदार्थों के नए रूपों पर पेटेंट रोकता है, जिसे नोवार्टिस (2013) में सही ठहराया गया; यह अनिवार्य लाइसेंस की भी अनुमति देता है (2012 में नेक्सावर)। डिजिटल व्यक्तिगत डेटा संरक्षण अधिनियम, 2023 सहमति-आधारित प्रसंस्करण और डेटा संरक्षण बोर्ड का प्रावधान करता है। मिशन: राष्ट्रीय क्वांटम मिशन (2023), भारत सेमीकंडक्टर मिशन और इंडिया-एआई मिशन।","angle":"Prelims asks technology basics and IPR law; Mains asks about AI governance, data protection and tech sovereignty.","angleHi":"प्रारंभिक में तकनीक और IPR कानून; मुख्य में AI शासन, डेटा संरक्षण और तकनीकी संप्रभुता।","ncert":[],"kw":["artificial intelligence","biology","blockchain","chemistry","compulsory licensing","defence technology","digital personal data protection act","diseases","geographical indications","human body","indiaai mission","indigenisation","nanotechnology","nobel prize","nuclear energy","patents act","physics","quantum computing","robotics","section 3(d)","semiconductors","trips","vaccines","vitamins","अनिवार्य लाइसेंस","अर्धचालक","कृत्रिम बुद्धिमत्ता","क्वांटम कंप्यूटिंग","जीव विज्ञान","टीके","ट्रिप्स","डिजिटल व्यक्तिगत डेटा संरक्षण अधिनियम","धारा 3(डी)","नैनो प्रौद्योगिकी","परमाणु ऊर्जा","पेटेंट अधिनियम","ब्लॉकचेन","भौगोलिक संकेतक","भौतिकी","मानव शरीर"],"papers":["prelims","gs3"],"w":4.0,"imp":4,"h":7.0},{"id":"soc-population","s":"society","n":"Population","nh":"जनसंख्या","note":"Demographic transition moves from high birth and death rates to low ones. India has a large working-age population (a \"demographic dividend\") that can raise growth if matched with jobs, skills and health. The dependency ratio compares dependents (children and elderly) to the working-age population. Southern states have aged faster than northern ones, creating regional differences in policy needs. The 2011 Census remains the latest completed census; sample surveys (NFHS, SRS) provide updated indicators.","noteHi":"जनसांख्यिकीय संक्रमण उच्च जन्म और मृत्यु दर से निम्न दरों की ओर बढ़ना है। भारत की बड़ी कार्यशील आयु वाली जनसंख्या (\"जनसांख्यिकीय लाभांश\") रोज़गार, कौशल और स्वास्थ्य मिलने पर संवृद्धि बढ़ा सकती है। निर्भरता अनुपात आश्रितों (बच्चे और वृद्ध) की कार्यशील आयु जनसंख्या से तुलना करता है। दक्षिणी राज्य उत्तरी राज्यों से तेज़ी से वृद्ध हो रहे हैं, जिससे नीतिगत आवश्यकताएँ भिन्न हैं। 2011 की जनगणना अंतिम पूर्ण जनगणना है; NFHS और SRS जैसे सर्वेक्षण अद्यतन संकेतक देते हैं।","angle":"Mains asks how to convert the dividend into growth; Prelims tests definitions.","angleHi":"मुख्य में लाभांश को संवृद्धि में बदलने के उपाय; प्रारंभिक में परिभाषाएँ।","ncert":["India: People and Economy (Class 12) — Population: Distribution, Density, Growth and Composition","Indian Society (Class 12) — The Demographic Structure of the Indian Society","Fundamentals of Human Geography (Class 12) — The World Population","India: People and Economy (Class 12) — Human Settlements"],"kw":["ageing","amrut","census","demographic dividend","demographic transition","dependency ratio","female labour force participation","migration","nari shakti vandan","nfhs","population policy","self help groups","sex ratio","slums","smart cities","srs","total fertility rate","urbanisation","women's empowerment","women's reservation act","कुल प्रजनन दर","जनगणना","जनसांख्यिकीय लाभांश","जनसांख्यिकीय संक्रमण","नगरीकरण","नारी शक्ति वंदन अधिनियम","निर्भरता अनुपात","प्रवास","मलिन बस्ती","महिला श्रम बल भागीदारी","महिला सशक्तिकरण","लिंगानुपात","वृद्धावस्था","स्मार्ट सिटी","स्वयं सहायता समूह"],"papers":["prelims","gs1"],"w":4.0,"imp":4,"h":5.0},{"id":"soc-poverty","s":"society","n":"Poverty","nh":"गरीबी","note":"India's official poverty estimates have used expert committees (Lakdawala, Tendulkar 2009, Rangarajan 2014). NITI Aayog's national Multidimensional Poverty Index, based on the Oxford–UNDP method, covers health, education and standard of living indicators. The National Food Security Act, 2013 entitles up to 75% of the rural and 50% of the urban population to subsidised grain through the PDS, with Antyodaya households getting 35 kg per month. Malnutrition indicators (stunting, wasting, underweight) are tracked through NFHS; POSHAN Abhiyaan (2018) targets them through convergence.","noteHi":"भारत के आधिकारिक गरीबी अनुमान विशेषज्ञ समितियों (लकड़ावाला, तेंदुलकर 2009, रंगराजन 2014) पर आधारित रहे हैं। नीति आयोग का राष्ट्रीय बहुआयामी गरीबी सूचकांक स्वास्थ्य, शिक्षा और जीवन-स्तर के संकेतकों को मापता है। राष्ट्रीय खाद्य सुरक्षा अधिनियम, 2013 ग्रामीण 75% और शहरी 50% जनसंख्या तक सस्ता अनाज देता है; अंत्योदय परिवारों को 35 किलो प्रति माह मिलता है। ठिगनापन, दुबलापन और कम वजन NFHS से मापे जाते हैं; पोषण अभियान (2018) अभिसरण से इन्हें लक्षित करता है।","angle":"Mains asks about nutrition-security vs food-security and PDS reform; Prelims tests Act provisions and index publishers.","angleHi":"मुख्य परीक्षा: खाद्य सुरक्षा बनाम पोषण सुरक्षा और PDS सुधार; प्रारंभिक: अधिनियम के प्रावधान।","ncert":["Economics (Class 9) — Poverty as a Challenge","Economics (Class 9) — Food Security in India","Indian Economic Development (Class 11) — Rural Development"],"kw":["global hunger index","malnutrition","multidimensional poverty index","national food security act 2013","pm garib kalyan anna yojana","poshan abhiyaan","poverty line","public distribution system","rangarajan","stunting","tendulkar","wasting","कुपोषण","गरीबी रेखा","तेंदुलकर समिति","पोषण अभियान","बहुआयामी गरीबी सूचकांक","राष्ट्रीय खाद्य सुरक्षा अधिनियम","सार्वजनिक वितरण प्रणाली"],"papers":["prelims","gs2","gs3"],"w":4.0,"imp":4,"h":3.0},{"id":"soc-education","s":"society","n":"Education","nh":"शिक्षा","note":"Article 21A (86th Amendment, 2002) and the RTE Act, 2009 make education a fundamental right for children aged 6–14. The National Education Policy 2020 replaces 10+2 with a 5+3+3+4 structure, emphasises foundational literacy and numeracy and mother-tongue instruction in early years, and targets a 50% gross enrolment ratio in higher education by 2035. Ayushman Bharat combines Health and Wellness Centres (now Ayushman Arogya Mandirs) with PM-JAY, which provides cover of ₹5 lakh per family per year for secondary and tertiary hospitalisation. High out-of-pocket health spending and learning-outcome gaps remain central challenges.","noteHi":"अनुच्छेद 21क (86वाँ संशोधन, 2002) और शिक्षा का अधिकार अधिनियम, 2009 ने 6–14 वर्ष के बच्चों के लिए शिक्षा को मौलिक अधिकार बनाया। राष्ट्रीय शिक्षा नीति 2020 ने 10+2 के स्थान पर 5+3+3+4 संरचना दी, आधारभूत साक्षरता-संख्याज्ञान और प्रारंभिक कक्षाओं में मातृभाषा पर बल दिया, और 2035 तक उच्च शिक्षा में 50% सकल नामांकन का लक्ष्य रखा। आयुष्मान भारत में आयुष्मान आरोग्य मंदिर और PM-JAY (प्रति परिवार ₹5 लाख वार्षिक बीमा) शामिल हैं। स्वास्थ्य पर अधिक जेब-खर्च और सीखने के परिणामों की कमी मुख्य चुनौतियाँ हैं।","angle":"Mains GS-II asks about learning outcomes, public health spending and human capital; Essay topics often draw on education.","angleHi":"GS-II में सीखने के परिणाम, सार्वजनिक स्वास्थ्य व्यय और मानव पूँजी पर प्रश्न; निबंध में शिक्षा विषय आम।","ncert":["Indian Economic Development (Class 11) — Human Capital Formation in India","Economics (Class 9) — People as Resource"],"kw":["article 21a","aser","ayushman bharat","human capital","national education policy 2020","national health mission","out-of-pocket expenditure","pm-jay","right to education act","skill india","अनुच्छेद 21क","आयुष्मान भारत","मानव पूँजी","राष्ट्रीय शिक्षा नीति 2020","राष्ट्रीय स्वास्थ्य मिशन","शिक्षा का अधिकार"],"papers":["gs2"],"w":4.0,"imp":4,"h":3.0},{"id":"soc-health","s":"society","n":"Health","nh":"स्वास्थ्य","note":"Public health is delivered through the National Health Mission and Ayushman Bharat, which combines Ayushman Arogya Mandirs (primary care) with PM-JAY insurance of ₹5 lakh per family per year. The National Health Policy 2017 set a target of public health spending of 2.5% of GDP. NFHS surveys track nutrition, fertility and child health. Challenges include high out-of-pocket spending, shortages of doctors in rural areas, non-communicable diseases and antimicrobial resistance.","noteHi":"सार्वजनिक स्वास्थ्य राष्ट्रीय स्वास्थ्य मिशन और आयुष्मान भारत के माध्यम से दिया जाता है, जिसमें आयुष्मान आरोग्य मंदिर (प्राथमिक देखभाल) और प्रति परिवार प्रति वर्ष ₹5 लाख का PM-JAY बीमा शामिल है। राष्ट्रीय स्वास्थ्य नीति 2017 ने GDP के 2.5% सार्वजनिक स्वास्थ्य व्यय का लक्ष्य रखा। NFHS सर्वेक्षण पोषण, प्रजनन और बाल स्वास्थ्य मापते हैं। चुनौतियाँ हैं अधिक जेब-खर्च, ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों में डॉक्टरों की कमी, गैर-संचारी रोग और रोगाणुरोधी प्रतिरोध।","angle":"Mains (GS-II) asks about health financing and primary care; Prelims asks about schemes and survey indicators.","angleHi":"मुख्य (GS-II) में स्वास्थ्य वित्तपोषण और प्राथमिक देखभाल; प्रारंभिक में योजनाएँ और सर्वेक्षण संकेतक।","ncert":["Indian Economic Development (Class 11) — Human Capital Formation in India"],"kw":["ayushman bharat","disease","health","hospital","national health mission","nfhs","out-of-pocket","pm-jay","tuberculosis","vaccine","आयुष्मान भारत","टीका","रोग","स्वास्थ्य"],"papers":["gs1","gs2"],"w":3.5,"imp":4,"h":3},{"id":"soc-issues","s":"society","n":"Social Issues","nh":"सामाजिक मुद्दे","note":"Indian society is marked by plural religions, languages, castes and tribes, joined by shared civilisational and constitutional values. Caste has shifted from ritual hierarchy toward political mobilisation; M.N. Srinivas described \"Sanskritisation\" (upward mobility by adopting upper-caste practices) and the \"dominant caste\". The joint family has given way to nuclear households in many regions, though kin networks remain strong. Communalism is the political mobilisation of religious identity against others; regionalism can express legitimate developmental aspirations or exclusionary sentiment. Indian secularism is described as \"principled distance\" — the State may intervene in religion for reform, unlike strict separation.","noteHi":"भारतीय समाज अनेक धर्मों, भाषाओं, जातियों और जनजातियों से बना है, जो साझा सभ्यतागत और संवैधानिक मूल्यों से जुड़े हैं। जाति कर्मकांडी पदानुक्रम से राजनीतिक लामबंदी की ओर बढ़ी है; एम.एन. श्रीनिवास ने \"संस्कृतीकरण\" और \"प्रभु जाति\" की अवधारणाएँ दीं। कई क्षेत्रों में संयुक्त परिवार की जगह एकल परिवार आए हैं, पर नातेदारी नेटवर्क मज़बूत हैं। सांप्रदायिकता धार्मिक पहचान की दूसरों के विरुद्ध राजनीतिक लामबंदी है; क्षेत्रवाद वैध विकासात्मक आकांक्षा भी हो सकता है और बहिष्कारी भावना भी। भारतीय पंथनिरपेक्षता को \"सैद्धांतिक दूरी\" कहा जाता है — सुधार हेतु राज्य धर्म में हस्तक्षेप कर सकता है।","angle":"Mains GS-I and Essay favour this; answers should use concepts and examples, not opinion.","angleHi":"GS-I और निबंध में लोकप्रिय; उत्तर अवधारणाओं और उदाहरणों पर आधारित हों, राय पर नहीं।","ncert":["Indian Society (Class 12) — Introducing Indian Society","Indian Society (Class 12) — Social Institutions: Continuity and Change","Indian Society (Class 12) — The Challenges of Cultural Diversity","Indian Society (Class 12) — Patterns of Social Inequality and Exclusion","Democratic Politics – II (Class 10) — Gender, Religion and Caste","Indian Society (Class 12) — The Market as a Social Institution"],"kw":["caste","communalism","consumerism","cultural homogenisation","digital divide","dominant caste","family","gig economy","globalisation","glocalisation","kinship","migration","outsourcing","regionalism","sanskritisation","secularism","social mobility","tribe","unity in diversity","उपभोक्तावाद","क्षेत्रवाद","गिग अर्थव्यवस्था","ग्लोकलाइज़ेशन","जाति","डिजिटल विभाजन","नातेदारी","पंथनिरपेक्षता","परिवार","प्रभु जाति","विविधता में एकता","वैश्वीकरण","संस्कृतीकरण","सांप्रदायिकता","सांस्कृतिक समरूपीकरण"],"papers":["gs1"],"w":4.0,"imp":4,"h":5.0},{"id":"ir-neighbours","s":"ir","n":"India & Neighbours","nh":"भारत और पड़ोसी","note":"India's \"Neighbourhood First\" policy prioritises connectivity, trade and development partnership in South Asia, while \"Act East\" extends engagement to Southeast Asia and the Indo-Pacific. SAARC has been largely inactive since 2016, so BIMSTEC has gained importance for Bay of Bengal cooperation. Key issues include the boundary dispute and Line of Actual Control with China, cross-border terrorism with Pakistan, river water sharing (Indus Waters Treaty 1960, Ganga Water Treaty 1996, the unresolved Teesta), and competition for influence through infrastructure finance in Sri Lanka, the Maldives and Nepal.","noteHi":"\"पड़ोसी प्रथम\" नीति दक्षिण एशिया में संपर्क, व्यापार और विकास साझेदारी को प्राथमिकता देती है, जबकि \"एक्ट ईस्ट\" दक्षिण-पूर्व एशिया और हिंद-प्रशांत तक जुड़ाव बढ़ाती है। 2016 से सार्क लगभग निष्क्रिय है, इसलिए बंगाल की खाड़ी सहयोग हेतु बिम्सटेक का महत्व बढ़ा है। प्रमुख मुद्दे: चीन के साथ सीमा विवाद और वास्तविक नियंत्रण रेखा, पाकिस्तान से सीमा-पार आतंकवाद, नदी जल बँटवारा (सिंधु जल संधि 1960, गंगा जल संधि 1996, अनसुलझा तीस्ता) और श्रीलंका, मालदीव, नेपाल में ढाँचागत वित्त द्वारा प्रभाव की प्रतिस्पर्धा।","angle":"Mains asks for balanced assessments of bilateral ties; Prelims tests geography (rivers, passes, border states) and groupings.","angleHi":"मुख्य परीक्षा में संतुलित मूल्यांकन; प्रारंभिक में भूगोल (नदियाँ, दर्रे, सीमावर्ती राज्य) और समूह।","ncert":["Contemporary World Politics (Class 12) — Contemporary South Asia","Politics in India since Independence (Class 12) — India's External Relations"],"kw":["act east","afghanistan","bangladesh","bhutan","bimstec","china","gujral doctrine","indus waters treaty","lac","maldives","myanmar","neighbourhood first","nepal","pakistan","saarc","sri lanka","teesta","एक्ट ईस्ट","चीन","तीस्ता","नेपाल","पड़ोसी प्रथम","पाकिस्तान","बांग्लादेश","बिम्सटेक","वास्तविक नियंत्रण रेखा","श्रीलंका","सार्क","सिंधु जल संधि"],"papers":["prelims","gs2"],"w":4.0,"imp":5,"h":4.0},{"id":"ir-powers","s":"ir","n":"Major Powers","nh":"प्रमुख शक्तियाँ","note":"India pursues strategic autonomy across major powers. With the United States: the 2008 civil nuclear deal, the foundational defence agreements (LEMOA, COMCASA, BECA) and technology cooperation. With Russia: a special and privileged strategic partnership, defence supplies such as the S-400, and discounted oil imports. With China: the boundary dispute along the LAC (Galwan clash, 2020) and a large trade deficit. With the EU and Japan: trade agreements, investment and infrastructure such as the Mumbai–Ahmedabad high-speed rail.","noteHi":"भारत प्रमुख शक्तियों के साथ सामरिक स्वायत्तता की नीति अपनाता है। अमेरिका के साथ: 2008 का असैन्य परमाणु समझौता, मूलभूत रक्षा समझौते (LEMOA, COMCASA, BECA) और प्रौद्योगिकी सहयोग। रूस के साथ: विशेष और विशेषाधिकार प्राप्त सामरिक साझेदारी, S-400 जैसी रक्षा आपूर्ति और रियायती तेल आयात। चीन के साथ: वास्तविक नियंत्रण रेखा पर सीमा विवाद (गलवान संघर्ष, 2020) और बड़ा व्यापार घाटा। यूरोपीय संघ और जापान के साथ: व्यापार समझौते, निवेश और मुंबई–अहमदाबाद उच्च गति रेल जैसी अवसंरचना।","angle":"Mains (GS-II) asks how India balances relations among major powers; Prelims asks about agreements and dialogues.","angleHi":"मुख्य (GS-II) में भारत प्रमुख शक्तियों के बीच संतुलन कैसे बनाता है; प्रारंभिक में समझौते और संवाद।","ncert":["Contemporary World Politics (Class 12) — New Centres of Power","Contemporary World Politics (Class 12) — The End of Bipolarity"],"kw":["china","european union","galwan","japan","lac","nuclear deal","russia","s-400","strategic partnership","united states","usa","अमेरिका","चीन","जापान","यूरोपीय संघ","रूस"],"papers":["prelims","gs2"],"w":3.5,"imp":4,"h":3},{"id":"ir-orgs","s":"ir","n":"International Organisations","nh":"अंतरराष्ट्रीय संगठन","note":"The UN Security Council has five permanent members with veto power and ten elected members with two-year terms; India seeks permanent membership with the G4 (India, Brazil, Germany, Japan). The WTO, established in 1995, administers trade agreements; its Appellate Body has been non-functional since December 2019 due to blocked appointments. The IMF provides balance-of-payments support and surveillance; the World Bank group finances development. Specialised bodies include the WHO, ILO and UNESCO. The FATF sets anti-money-laundering standards and maintains grey and black lists.","noteHi":"संयुक्त राष्ट्र सुरक्षा परिषद में वीटो शक्ति वाले पाँच स्थायी और दो वर्ष के लिए चुने गए दस अस्थायी सदस्य हैं; भारत G4 (भारत, ब्राज़ील, जर्मनी, जापान) के साथ स्थायी सदस्यता चाहता है। 1995 में बना विश्व व्यापार संगठन व्यापार समझौतों का प्रशासन करता है; नियुक्तियाँ रुकने से दिसंबर 2019 से इसका अपीलीय निकाय निष्क्रिय है। IMF भुगतान-संतुलन सहायता और निगरानी देता है; विश्व बैंक समूह विकास हेतु वित्त देता है। FATF धन-शोधन विरोधी मानक तय करता है और ग्रे व ब्लैक सूची रखता है।","angle":"Prelims frequently asks which body publishes a report or index; Mains asks about multilateral reform and India's role.","angleHi":"प्रारंभिक में \"कौन-सी संस्था कौन-सी रिपोर्ट/सूचकांक प्रकाशित करती है\"; मुख्य में बहुपक्षीय सुधार।","ncert":["Contemporary World Politics (Class 12) — International Organisations"],"kw":["financial action task force","iaea","ilo","imf","interpol","security council reform","unesco","unfccc","united nations","who","world bank","wto","अंतरराष्ट्रीय मुद्रा कोष","एफएटीएफ","विश्व बैंक","विश्व व्यापार संगठन","विश्व स्वास्थ्य संगठन","संयुक्त राष्ट्र","सुरक्षा परिषद सुधार"],"papers":["prelims","gs2"],"w":4.0,"imp":3,"h":2.0},{"id":"ir-groupings","s":"ir","n":"Global Groupings","nh":"वैश्विक समूह","note":"India participates in overlapping groupings reflecting \"multi-alignment\": BRICS (expanded from 2024) and the SCO (India a full member since 2017) alongside the Quad (India, US, Japan, Australia) and I2U2. India's 2023 G20 presidency produced the New Delhi Leaders' Declaration and the admission of the African Union as a permanent member, and the India–Middle East–Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) was announced on its sidelines. Engagement with ASEAN is central to Act East. The Indian diaspora, among the world's largest, is an asset through remittances, lobbying and soft power.","noteHi":"भारत \"बहु-संरेखण\" दर्शाते हुए अनेक समूहों में है: ब्रिक्स (2024 से विस्तारित) और शंघाई सहयोग संगठन (2017 से पूर्ण सदस्य) के साथ क्वाड (भारत, अमेरिका, जापान, ऑस्ट्रेलिया) और I2U2। भारत की 2023 जी20 अध्यक्षता में नई दिल्ली घोषणा हुई और अफ्रीकी संघ स्थायी सदस्य बना; इसी दौरान भारत–मध्य पूर्व–यूरोप आर्थिक गलियारा (IMEC) घोषित हुआ। आसियान से जुड़ाव एक्ट ईस्ट का केंद्र है। प्रवासी भारतीय धनप्रेषण, पैरवी और सॉफ्ट पावर के रूप में संपदा हैं।","angle":"Prelims: membership and founding facts. Mains: strategic autonomy and how groupings serve India's interests.","angleHi":"प्रारंभिक: सदस्यता और स्थापना तथ्य; मुख्य: सामरिक स्वायत्तता और समूहों से भारत के हित।","ncert":["Contemporary World Politics (Class 12) — New Centres of Power","Contemporary World Politics (Class 12) — International Organisations"],"kw":["asean","bimstec","brics","commonwealth","diaspora","g20","i2u2","imec","indian ocean rim association","ipef","nam","quad","sco","आसियान","क्वाड","जी20","प्रवासी भारतीय","बहु-संरेखण","ब्रिक्स","शंघाई सहयोग संगठन"],"papers":["prelims","gs2"],"w":4.0,"imp":4,"h":3.0},{"id":"cul-art","s":"culture","n":"Art & Architecture","nh":"कला एवं स्थापत्य","note":"Temple architecture has three broad styles: Nagara (north, with curvilinear shikhara), Dravida (south, with vimana and gopuram) and Vesara (a Deccan blend). Buddhist architecture includes stupas, chaityas (prayer halls) and viharas (monasteries). Post-Mauryan sculpture developed in the Gandhara (Greco-Buddhist, grey schist), Mathura (red sandstone) and Amaravati schools. Ajanta's murals and Ellora's rock-cut temples span Buddhist, Hindu and Jain traditions. Chola bronzes, such as the Nataraja, used the lost-wax technique. India recognises eight classical dance forms through the Sangeet Natak Akademi.","noteHi":"मंदिर स्थापत्य की तीन प्रमुख शैलियाँ हैं: नागर (उत्तर, वक्ररेखीय शिखर), द्रविड़ (दक्षिण, विमान और गोपुरम) और वेसर (दक्कन में मिश्रित)। बौद्ध स्थापत्य में स्तूप, चैत्य (प्रार्थना कक्ष) और विहार (मठ) हैं। मौर्योत्तर मूर्तिकला गांधार (यूनानी-बौद्ध, धूसर शिस्ट), मथुरा (लाल बलुआ पत्थर) और अमरावती शैलियों में विकसित हुई। अजंता के भित्तिचित्र और एलोरा के शैलकृत मंदिर बौद्ध, हिंदू और जैन परंपराओं के हैं। नटराज जैसी चोल कांस्य प्रतिमाएँ \"लुप्त मोम\" तकनीक से बनीं। संगीत नाटक अकादमी आठ शास्त्रीय नृत्यों को मान्यता देती है।","angle":"Very high Prelims frequency in recent years; Mains GS-I asks about the evolution of styles and heritage conservation.","angleHi":"हाल के वर्षों में प्रारंभिक में बहुत अधिक प्रश्न; मुख्य GS-I में शैलियों का विकास और धरोहर संरक्षण।","ncert":["An Introduction to Indian Art – Part I (Class 11) — Temple Architecture and Sculpture","An Introduction to Indian Art – Part I (Class 11) — Some Aspects of Indo-Islamic Architecture","An Introduction to Indian Art – Part I (Class 11) — Arts of the Mauryan Period","An Introduction to Indian Art – Part I (Class 11) — Post-Mauryan Trends in Indian Art and Architecture","An Introduction to Indian Art – Part I (Class 11) — Later Mural Traditions","An Introduction to Indian Art – Part I (Class 11) — Indian Bronze Sculpture"],"kw":["ajanta","amaravati","chaitya","chola bronze","classical dances","dravida","ellora","gandhara","gi tag","mathura","miniature painting","nagara","puppetry","stupa","unesco world heritage","vesara","vihara","अजंता","एलोरा","गांधार कला","चैत्य","द्रविड़ शैली","नागर शैली","भौगोलिक संकेतक","मथुरा कला","विहार","वेसर शैली","शास्त्रीय नृत्य","स्तूप"],"papers":["prelims","gs1"],"w":5.0,"imp":4,"h":5.0},{"id":"sec-internal","s":"security","n":"Internal Security","nh":"आंतरिक सुरक्षा","note":"Left-wing extremism is linked to land alienation, displacement, forest-rights issues and weak governance in tribal areas; the SAMADHAN strategy combines security operations with development and rights delivery, and the number of affected districts has fallen sharply. Insurgencies in the north-east have declined after peace accords. Terrorism is addressed through the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967 and the National Investigation Agency (2008). The Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act gives powers to armed forces in \"disturbed areas\" and has been withdrawn from several areas. Central Armed Police Forces include the CRPF, BSF, ITBP, SSB, CISF and Assam Rifles.","noteHi":"वामपंथी उग्रवाद जनजातीय क्षेत्रों में भूमि हस्तांतरण, विस्थापन, वन-अधिकार और कमज़ोर शासन से जुड़ा है; \"समाधान\" रणनीति सुरक्षा अभियानों को विकास और अधिकार वितरण से जोड़ती है, और प्रभावित ज़िलों की संख्या तेज़ी से घटी है। शांति समझौतों के बाद पूर्वोत्तर में विद्रोह घटे हैं। आतंकवाद से विधिविरुद्ध क्रियाकलाप (निवारण) अधिनियम, 1967 और राष्ट्रीय अन्वेषण अभिकरण (2008) निपटते हैं। सशस्त्र बल (विशेष शक्तियाँ) अधिनियम \"अशांत क्षेत्रों\" में सेना को शक्तियाँ देता है और कई क्षेत्रों से हटाया गया है। केंद्रीय सशस्त्र पुलिस बलों में CRPF, BSF, ITBP, SSB, CISF और असम राइफ़ल्स हैं।","angle":"Mains asks about the development–extremism link and external state and non-state actors.","angleHi":"मुख्य में विकास–उग्रवाद संबंध और बाहरी राज्य व गैर-राज्य अभिकर्ता।","ncert":["Politics in India since Independence (Class 12) — Regional Aspirations","Contemporary World Politics (Class 12) — Security in the Contemporary World"],"kw":["afspa","assam rifles","border management","bsf","central armed police forces","cert-in","coastal security","comprehensive integrated border management system","critical information infrastructure","crypto","cyber security","deepfakes","drug trafficking","fatf","golden crescent","golden triangle","illegal migration","insurgency north east","it act 2000","itbp","left wing extremism","misinformation","money laundering","naxalism","nciipc","nia","pmla","radicalisation","ransomware","samadhan","smart fencing","social media","ssb","state and non-state actors","terrorism","uapa","अफ्सपा","असम राइफ़ल्स","आतंकवाद","कट्टरपंथ"],"papers":["gs3"],"w":4.0,"imp":4,"h":7.0},{"id":"sec-disaster","s":"security","n":"Disaster Management","nh":"आपदा प्रबंधन","note":"The Disaster Management Act, 2005 created a three-tier structure: NDMA (chaired by the Prime Minister), State Disaster Management Authorities and District Disaster Management Authorities, with the National Disaster Response Force for specialised response. India has shifted from relief-centred to preparedness- and risk-reduction-centred management, aligned with the Sendai Framework (2015–2030). Odisha's cyclone preparedness is often cited for sharply cutting deaths since the 1999 super cyclone. India launched the Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure in 2019.","noteHi":"आपदा प्रबंधन अधिनियम, 2005 ने त्रिस्तरीय ढाँचा बनाया: प्रधानमंत्री की अध्यक्षता में राष्ट्रीय आपदा प्रबंधन प्राधिकरण, राज्य और ज़िला आपदा प्रबंधन प्राधिकरण, तथा विशेष प्रतिक्रिया हेतु राष्ट्रीय आपदा मोचन बल। भारत राहत-केंद्रित से तैयारी और जोखिम-न्यूनीकरण केंद्रित प्रबंधन की ओर बढ़ा है, जो सेंडाई फ्रेमवर्क (2015–2030) के अनुरूप है। 1999 के महाचक्रवात के बाद ओडिशा की चक्रवात तैयारी ने मौतों में भारी कमी की। भारत ने 2019 में आपदा-रोधी अवसंरचना गठबंधन (CDRI) शुरू किया।","angle":"Mains GS-III asks about the institutional framework and lessons from specific disasters.","angleHi":"GS-III में संस्थागत ढाँचा और विशिष्ट आपदाओं से सबक।","ncert":["India: Physical Environment (Class 11) — Natural Hazards and Disasters"],"kw":["cdri","coalition for disaster resilient infrastructure","disaster management act 2005","early warning","heat action plans","ndma","ndrf","resilience","sdrf","sendai framework","आपदा प्रबंधन अधिनियम 2005","पूर्व चेतावनी","राष्ट्रीय आपदा प्रबंधन प्राधिकरण","राष्ट्रीय आपदा मोचन बल","सेंडाई फ्रेमवर्क","हीट एक्शन प्लान"],"papers":["gs3"],"w":4.0,"imp":4,"h":3.0},{"id":"eth-theory","s":"ethics","n":"Ethics Theory","nh":"नीतिशास्त्र सिद्धांत","note":"Ethics is the systematic study of right and wrong conduct; morality refers to the actual standards people follow. Determinants of ethical conduct include family, society, religion, law, education and personal conscience. Dimensions include descriptive ethics (what people believe), normative ethics (what they ought to do), meta-ethics (the nature of moral claims) and applied ethics (specific issues such as bioethics). In public relationships, ethics is about accountability, fairness and public trust; in private relationships, about care and honesty. Family, schools and society inculcate values through example, reinforcement and reflection.","noteHi":"नीतिशास्त्र उचित-अनुचित आचरण का व्यवस्थित अध्ययन है; नैतिकता वे वास्तविक मानक हैं जिनका लोग पालन करते हैं। नैतिक आचरण के निर्धारकों में परिवार, समाज, धर्म, कानून, शिक्षा और अंतरात्मा शामिल हैं। आयाम: वर्णनात्मक नीतिशास्त्र (लोग क्या मानते हैं), मानकीय नीतिशास्त्र (क्या करना चाहिए), अधि-नीतिशास्त्र (नैतिक कथनों का स्वरूप) और व्यावहारिक नीतिशास्त्र (जैसे जैव-नैतिकता)। सार्वजनिक संबंधों में नैतिकता जवाबदेही, निष्पक्षता और जन-विश्वास से जुड़ी है; निजी संबंधों में देखभाल और ईमानदारी से। परिवार, विद्यालय और समाज उदाहरण, सुदृढ़ीकरण और चिंतन से मूल्य विकसित करते हैं।","angle":"GS-IV opens with conceptual questions; answers need definitions, examples and lessons from leaders.","angleHi":"GS-IV वैचारिक प्रश्नों से शुरू होता है; उत्तर में परिभाषा, उदाहरण और नेताओं से सीख हो।","ncert":[],"kw":["ambedkar","aptitude","aristotle","attitude","bentham","buddha","categorical imperative","cognitive affective behavioural","compassion","consequences","deontology","determinants of ethics","dimensions of ethics","education","emotional intelligence","empathy","ethics","family","gandhi","goleman","impartiality","integrity","kant","kautilya","mill","morality","non-partisanship","objectivity","persuasion","private relationships","public relationships","rawls","role models","social influence","utilitarianism","values","veil of ignorance","virtue ethics","vivekananda","अंबेडकर"],"papers":["gs4"],"w":5.0,"imp":5,"h":9.0},{"id":"eth-cases","s":"ethics","n":"Probity & Case Studies","nh":"ईमानदारी एवं केस स्टडी","note":"Probity means adherence to the highest standards of honesty in public life. The Nolan Committee (UK, 1995) set seven principles: selflessness, integrity, objectivity, accountability, openness, honesty and leadership. A code of ethics states values; a code of conduct lists enforceable rules. Ethical dilemmas arise when duties conflict — law vs. conscience, efficiency vs. equity, loyalty to superiors vs. public interest. A useful case-study approach: identify stakeholders and the values at stake, list options with merits and demerits, choose and justify a course of action, and suggest systemic reforms.","noteHi":"शासन में ईमानदारी (प्रोबिटी) का अर्थ सार्वजनिक जीवन में सर्वोच्च ईमानदारी के मानकों का पालन है। नोलन समिति (ब्रिटेन, 1995) ने सात सिद्धांत दिए: निःस्वार्थता, सत्यनिष्ठा, वस्तुनिष्ठता, जवाबदेही, खुलापन, ईमानदारी और नेतृत्व। नीति संहिता मूल्य बताती है; आचार संहिता लागू करने योग्य नियम सूचीबद्ध करती है। नैतिक दुविधाएँ तब आती हैं जब कर्तव्य टकराते हैं — कानून बनाम अंतरात्मा, दक्षता बनाम समता, वरिष्ठों के प्रति निष्ठा बनाम जनहित। केस स्टडी का उपयोगी तरीका: हितधारक और दाँव पर लगे मूल्य पहचानें, विकल्पों के गुण-दोष लिखें, एक मार्ग चुनकर उसका औचित्य दें, और प्रणालीगत सुधार सुझाएँ।","angle":"Case studies are half of GS-IV marks; practise structured answers under time pressure.","angleHi":"GS-IV के आधे अंक केस स्टडी के हैं; समय-सीमा में संरचित उत्तरों का अभ्यास करें।","ncert":[],"kw":["accountability","case studies","code of conduct","code of ethics","conflict of interest","conscience","corporate governance","corruption","ethical dilemmas","nolan principles","probity","rti","whistleblower","अंतरात्मा","आचार संहिता","ईमानदारी","केस स्टडी","कॉर्पोरेट गवर्नेंस","जवाबदेही","नीति संहिता","नैतिक दुविधा","नोलन सिद्धांत","भ्रष्टाचार","व्हिसलब्लोअर","हितों का टकराव"],"papers":["gs4"],"w":5.0,"imp":5,"h":4.0},{"id":"eth-essay","s":"ethics","n":"Essay","nh":"निबंध","note":"The Essay paper has two sections with four topics each; candidates write one from each, about 1,000–1,200 words, in three hours. Recent topics are often philosophical (abstract statements) rather than issue-based. A good essay interprets the topic, builds a thesis, develops it across dimensions (social, economic, political, ethical, historical, environmental), includes counter-arguments and ends with a forward-looking conclusion. Spend 20–30 minutes brainstorming and outlining before writing.","noteHi":"निबंध प्रश्नपत्र में चार-चार विषयों वाले दो खंड होते हैं; प्रत्येक खंड से एक, लगभग 1,000–1,200 शब्दों में, तीन घंटे में लिखना होता है। हाल के विषय प्रायः दार्शनिक (अमूर्त कथन) होते हैं। अच्छा निबंध विषय की व्याख्या करता है, एक केंद्रीय विचार बनाता है, उसे विभिन्न आयामों (सामाजिक, आर्थिक, राजनीतिक, नैतिक, ऐतिहासिक, पर्यावरणीय) में विकसित करता है, प्रतितर्क रखता है और भविष्योन्मुखी निष्कर्ष देता है। लिखने से पहले 20–30 मिनट विचार-मंथन और रूपरेखा में लगाएँ।","angle":"Worth 250 marks; regular timed practice is the only way to improve.","angleHi":"250 अंकों का प्रश्नपत्र; नियमित समयबद्ध अभ्यास ही सुधार का एकमात्र मार्ग है।","ncert":[],"kw":["coherence","conclusion","essay","examples","introduction","multidimensional","philosophical essay","quotes","structure","उदाहरण","उद्धरण","दार्शनिक निबंध","निबंध","निष्कर्ष","बहुआयामी","भूमिका","संरचना"],"papers":["essay"],"w":5.0,"imp":5,"h":3.0}],"mcq":[{"id":"m1","t":"pol-constitution","q":"Which words were added to the Preamble by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976?","o":["Sovereign and Democratic","Socialist, Secular and Integrity","Justice, Liberty and Equality","Republic and Fraternity"],"a":1,"x":"The 42nd Amendment inserted \"Socialist\", \"Secular\" and \"Integrity\" (as \"unity and integrity of the Nation\"). Sovereign, democratic and republic were in the original text.","qh":"42वें संविधान संशोधन अधिनियम, 1976 द्वारा प्रस्तावना में कौन-से शब्द जोड़े गए?","oh":["संप्रभु और लोकतांत्रिक","समाजवादी, पंथनिरपेक्ष और अखंडता","न्याय, स्वतंत्रता और समता","गणराज्य और बंधुता"],"xh":"42वें संशोधन ने \"समाजवादी\", \"पंथनिरपेक्ष\" और \"अखंडता\" (\"राष्ट्र की एकता और अखंडता\" के रूप में) जोड़े। संप्रभु, लोकतांत्रिक और गणराज्य मूल पाठ में थे।"},{"id":"m2","t":"pol-constitution","q":"Consider the statements: 1. The Supreme Court in Kesavananda Bharati held that the Preamble is part of the Constitution. 2. The Preamble is directly enforceable in a court of law. Which is/are correct?","o":["1 only","2 only","Both 1 and 2","Neither 1 nor 2"],"a":0,"x":"Kesavananda Bharati (1973) held the Preamble is part of the Constitution, reversing Berubari (1960). It is non-justiciable but is used to interpret ambiguous provisions.","qh":"कथनों पर विचार कीजिए: 1. केशवानंद भारती वाद में सर्वोच्च न्यायालय ने प्रस्तावना को संविधान का भाग माना। 2. प्रस्तावना न्यायालय में सीधे प्रवर्तनीय है। कौन-सा/से सही है/हैं?","oh":["केवल 1","केवल 2","1 और 2 दोनों","न तो 1 और न ही 2"],"xh":"केशवानंद भारती (1973) ने बेरूबाड़ी (1960) को पलटते हुए प्रस्तावना को संविधान का भाग माना। यह न्यायोचित नहीं है, पर अस्पष्ट प्रावधानों की व्याख्या में प्रयुक्त होती है।"},{"id":"m3","t":"pol-fr","q":"Which of the following Fundamental Rights is available only to citizens and not to foreigners?","o":["Equality before law (Article 14)","Protection of life and personal liberty (Article 21)","Freedom of speech and expression (Article 19)","Freedom of religion (Article 25)"],"a":2,"x":"Articles 15, 16, 19, 29 and 30 are available only to citizens. Articles 14, 21 and 25 extend to all persons, including foreigners.","qh":"निम्नलिखित में से कौन-सा मौलिक अधिकार केवल नागरिकों को प्राप्त है, विदेशियों को नहीं?","oh":["विधि के समक्ष समता (अनुच्छेद 14)","प्राण और दैहिक स्वतंत्रता का संरक्षण (अनुच्छेद 21)","वाक् एवं अभिव्यक्ति की स्वतंत्रता (अनुच्छेद 19)","धर्म की स्वतंत्रता (अनुच्छेद 25)"],"xh":"अनुच्छेद 15, 16, 19, 29 और 30 केवल नागरिकों को प्राप्त हैं। अनुच्छेद 14, 21 और 25 विदेशियों सहित सभी व्यक्तियों को प्राप्त हैं।"},{"id":"m4","t":"pol-fr","q":"The writ issued to an inferior court or tribunal to quash an order already passed by it is:","o":["Mandamus","Prohibition","Certiorari","Quo warranto"],"a":2,"x":"Certiorari quashes an order already passed; prohibition prevents a lower court from continuing proceedings beyond its jurisdiction. Mandamus commands performance of a public duty; quo warranto questions the right to hold a public office.","qh":"किसी अधीनस्थ न्यायालय या अधिकरण द्वारा पहले से पारित आदेश को रद्द करने हेतु जारी रिट है:","oh":["परमादेश","प्रतिषेध","उत्प्रेषण","अधिकार पृच्छा"],"xh":"उत्प्रेषण पहले से पारित आदेश को रद्द करता है; प्रतिषेध अधीनस्थ न्यायालय को क्षेत्राधिकार से बाहर कार्यवाही जारी रखने से रोकता है। परमादेश लोक कर्तव्य के पालन का आदेश है; अधिकार पृच्छा लोक पद धारण करने के अधिकार पर प्रश्न उठाती है।"},{"id":"m5","t":"pol-fr","q":"Which Fundamental Rights cannot be suspended even during a National Emergency?","o":["Articles 14 and 19","Articles 19 and 21","Articles 20 and 21","Articles 21 and 32"],"a":2,"x":"The 44th Amendment (1978) provided that the enforcement of Articles 20 and 21 cannot be suspended by a Presidential order under Article 359.","qh":"राष्ट्रीय आपातकाल के दौरान भी कौन-से मौलिक अधिकार निलंबित नहीं किए जा सकते?","oh":["अनुच्छेद 14 और 19","अनुच्छेद 19 और 21","अनुच्छेद 20 और 21","अनुच्छेद 21 और 32"],"xh":"44वें संशोधन (1978) ने प्रावधान किया कि अनुच्छेद 359 के अंतर्गत राष्ट्रपति आदेश से अनुच्छेद 20 और 21 का प्रवर्तन निलंबित नहीं किया जा सकता।"},{"id":"m6","t":"pol-fr","q":"In Justice K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India (2017), the Supreme Court held that the right to privacy is:","o":["a common-law right enforceable only against private persons","intrinsic to Article 21 and the freedoms in Part III","a Directive Principle under Article 39","a statutory right under the IT Act, 2000"],"a":1,"x":"A nine-judge bench unanimously held privacy to be a fundamental right protected as an intrinsic part of Article 21 and Part III, overruling M.P. Sharma and Kharak Singh to that extent.","qh":"न्यायमूर्ति के.एस. पुट्टस्वामी बनाम भारत संघ (2017) में सर्वोच्च न्यायालय ने निजता के अधिकार को माना:","oh":["केवल निजी व्यक्तियों के विरुद्ध प्रवर्तनीय सामान्य विधि अधिकार","अनुच्छेद 21 और भाग III की स्वतंत्रताओं का अंतर्निहित अंग","अनुच्छेद 39 के अंतर्गत नीति निदेशक तत्व","सूचना प्रौद्योगिकी अधिनियम, 2000 के अंतर्गत सांविधिक अधिकार"],"xh":"नौ न्यायाधीशों की पीठ ने सर्वसम्मति से निजता को अनुच्छेद 21 और भाग III के अंतर्निहित अंग के रूप में मौलिक अधिकार माना और उस सीमा तक एम.पी. शर्मा और खड़क सिंह निर्णयों को पलटा।"},{"id":"m7","t":"pol-constitution","q":"The provision for a Uniform Civil Code is contained in:","o":["Article 40","Article 44","Article 48","Article 50"],"a":1,"x":"Article 44 directs the State to endeavour to secure a uniform civil code. Art. 40 deals with village panchayats, Art. 48 with agriculture and animal husbandry, and Art. 50 with separation of the judiciary from the executive.","qh":"समान नागरिक संहिता का प्रावधान किस अनुच्छेद में है?","oh":["अनुच्छेद 40","अनुच्छेद 44","अनुच्छेद 48","अनुच्छेद 50"],"xh":"अनुच्छेद 44 राज्य को समान नागरिक संहिता सुनिश्चित करने का प्रयास करने का निर्देश देता है। अनु. 40 ग्राम पंचायत, अनु. 48 कृषि और पशुपालन तथा अनु. 50 न्यायपालिका के कार्यपालिका से पृथक्करण से संबंधित है।"},{"id":"m8","t":"pol-constitution","q":"Fundamental Duties were added to the Constitution on the recommendation of which committee?","o":["Sarkaria Commission","Swaran Singh Committee","Balwant Rai Mehta Committee","Punchhi Commission"],"a":1,"x":"The Swaran Singh Committee (1976) recommended Fundamental Duties, added as Article 51A by the 42nd Amendment.","qh":"मौलिक कर्तव्य किस समिति की सिफारिश पर संविधान में जोड़े गए?","oh":["सरकारिया आयोग","स्वर्ण सिंह समिति","बलवंत राय मेहता समिति","पुंछी आयोग"],"xh":"स्वर्ण सिंह समिति (1976) की सिफारिश पर 42वें संशोधन द्वारा अनुच्छेद 51क के रूप में मौलिक कर्तव्य जोड़े गए।"},{"id":"m9","t":"pol-constitution","q":"An amendment that affects the representation of states in Parliament requires:","o":["Simple majority of Parliament","Special majority of Parliament only","Special majority of Parliament and ratification by half of the state legislatures","A referendum"],"a":2,"x":"Federal provisions listed in the proviso to Article 368(2), including representation of states in Parliament, require ratification by at least half the states after passage by special majority.","qh":"संसद में राज्यों के प्रतिनिधित्व को प्रभावित करने वाले संशोधन के लिए आवश्यक है:","oh":["संसद का साधारण बहुमत","केवल संसद का विशेष बहुमत","संसद का विशेष बहुमत और आधे राज्य विधानमंडलों का अनुसमर्थन","जनमत संग्रह"],"xh":"अनुच्छेद 368(2) के परंतुक में सूचीबद्ध संघीय प्रावधानों, जिनमें संसद में राज्यों का प्रतिनिधित्व भी है, के लिए विशेष बहुमत के बाद कम से कम आधे राज्यों का अनुसमर्थन आवश्यक है।"},{"id":"m10","t":"pol-constitution","q":"Which case first propounded the \"basic structure\" doctrine?","o":["Golaknath v. State of Punjab","Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala","Minerva Mills v. Union of India","Indira Nehru Gandhi v. Raj Narain"],"a":1,"x":"Kesavananda Bharati (1973) held Parliament can amend any part of the Constitution but not its basic structure. Later cases applied and extended it.","qh":"\"मूल ढाँचे\" का सिद्धांत सबसे पहले किस वाद में प्रतिपादित हुआ?","oh":["गोलकनाथ बनाम पंजाब राज्य","केशवानंद भारती बनाम केरल राज्य","मिनर्वा मिल्स बनाम भारत संघ","इंदिरा नेहरू गांधी बनाम राज नारायण"],"xh":"केशवानंद भारती (1973) ने माना कि संसद संविधान के किसी भी भाग में संशोधन कर सकती है, पर उसका मूल ढाँचा नहीं बदल सकती। बाद के वादों ने इसे लागू और विस्तृत किया।"},{"id":"m11","t":"pol-parliament","q":"Who presides over a joint sitting of the two Houses of Parliament?","o":["The President","The Vice-President","The Speaker of the Lok Sabha","The senior-most member of the Rajya Sabha"],"a":2,"x":"Under Article 108 the Speaker presides; in the Speaker's absence the Deputy Speaker, and then the Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha.","qh":"संसद के दोनों सदनों की संयुक्त बैठक की अध्यक्षता कौन करता है?","oh":["राष्ट्रपति","उपराष्ट्रपति","लोकसभा अध्यक्ष","राज्यसभा का वरिष्ठतम सदस्य"],"xh":"अनुच्छेद 108 के अंतर्गत लोकसभा अध्यक्ष अध्यक्षता करते हैं; उनकी अनुपस्थिति में उपाध्यक्ष और फिर राज्यसभा के उपसभापति।"},{"id":"m12","t":"pol-parliament","q":"Consider: 1. A Money Bill can be introduced only in the Lok Sabha. 2. The Rajya Sabha can reject a Money Bill. 3. There is no joint sitting on a Money Bill. Which are correct?","o":["1 and 2 only","1 and 3 only","2 and 3 only","1, 2 and 3"],"a":1,"x":"The Rajya Sabha cannot reject or amend a Money Bill; it can only make recommendations within 14 days. Since it cannot block one, no joint sitting is needed.","qh":"विचार कीजिए: 1. धन विधेयक केवल लोकसभा में पेश किया जा सकता है। 2. राज्यसभा धन विधेयक को अस्वीकार कर सकती है। 3. धन विधेयक पर संयुक्त बैठक नहीं होती। कौन-से सही हैं?","oh":["केवल 1 और 2","केवल 1 और 3","केवल 2 और 3","1, 2 और 3"],"xh":"राज्यसभा धन विधेयक को न अस्वीकार कर सकती है न संशोधित; वह 14 दिनों में केवल सिफारिश कर सकती है। चूँकि वह इसे रोक नहीं सकती, संयुक्त बैठक की आवश्यकता नहीं होती।"},{"id":"m13","t":"pol-parliament","q":"The Public Accounts Committee examines:","o":["the budget estimates before they are passed","the audit reports of the CAG on appropriation and finance accounts","the conduct of members of Parliament","assurances given by ministers on the floor"],"a":1,"x":"The PAC examines CAG audit reports after expenditure is incurred. The Estimates Committee looks at budget estimates; the Committee on Government Assurances tracks ministers' assurances.","qh":"लोक लेखा समिति किसकी जाँच करती है?","oh":["पारित होने से पहले बजट अनुमानों की","विनियोग और वित्त लेखों पर नियंत्रक एवं महालेखा परीक्षक की लेखापरीक्षा रिपोर्टों की","संसद सदस्यों के आचरण की","सदन में मंत्रियों द्वारा दिए आश्वासनों की"],"xh":"लोक लेखा समिति व्यय होने के बाद CAG की लेखापरीक्षा रिपोर्टों की जाँच करती है। प्राक्कलन समिति बजट अनुमान देखती है; सरकारी आश्वासन समिति मंत्रियों के आश्वासनों पर नज़र रखती है।"},{"id":"m14","t":"pol-constitution","q":"Which of the following is NOT part of the electoral college for the election of the President of India?","o":["Elected members of the Lok Sabha","Elected members of the Rajya Sabha","Elected members of the Legislative Assembly of Delhi","Nominated members of the Rajya Sabha"],"a":3,"x":"Only elected members of both Houses of Parliament and of the state legislative assemblies (including Delhi and Puducherry) vote. Nominated members and members of legislative councils do not.","qh":"निम्नलिखित में से कौन राष्ट्रपति के चुनाव हेतु निर्वाचक मंडल का भाग नहीं है?","oh":["लोकसभा के निर्वाचित सदस्य","राज्यसभा के निर्वाचित सदस्य","दिल्ली विधानसभा के निर्वाचित सदस्य","राज्यसभा के मनोनीत सदस्य"],"xh":"केवल संसद के दोनों सदनों और राज्य विधानसभाओं (दिल्ली व पुडुचेरी सहित) के निर्वाचित सदस्य मतदान करते हैं। मनोनीत सदस्य और विधान परिषद सदस्य मतदान नहीं करते।"},{"id":"m15","t":"pol-constitution","q":"An ordinance promulgated by the President ceases to operate:","o":["at the end of six months from promulgation","at the expiry of six weeks from the reassembly of Parliament, unless approved earlier","when the next session is summoned","only when it is withdrawn by the President"],"a":1,"x":"Article 123(2): an ordinance lapses six weeks after Parliament reassembles unless disapproved earlier or replaced by an Act.","qh":"राष्ट्रपति द्वारा प्रख्यापित अध्यादेश प्रभावी नहीं रहता:","oh":["प्रख्यापन से छह माह बाद","संसद के पुनः समवेत होने से छह सप्ताह बाद, जब तक पहले अनुमोदित न हो","अगले सत्र के आहूत होने पर","केवल राष्ट्रपति द्वारा वापस लेने पर"],"xh":"अनुच्छेद 123(2): संसद के पुनः समवेत होने के छह सप्ताह बाद अध्यादेश समाप्त हो जाता है, यदि पहले अस्वीकृत न हो या अधिनियम द्वारा प्रतिस्थापित न हो।"},{"id":"m16","t":"pol-judiciary","q":"Which Article empowers the Supreme Court to pass any decree or order necessary for doing \"complete justice\"?","o":["Article 32","Article 136","Article 142","Article 143"],"a":2,"x":"Article 142 gives this plenary power. Art. 32 is writ jurisdiction, Art. 136 special leave to appeal, Art. 143 advisory jurisdiction.","qh":"कौन-सा अनुच्छेद सर्वोच्च न्यायालय को \"पूर्ण न्याय\" हेतु आवश्यक कोई भी डिक्री या आदेश पारित करने की शक्ति देता है?","oh":["अनुच्छेद 32","अनुच्छेद 136","अनुच्छेद 142","अनुच्छेद 143"],"xh":"अनुच्छेद 142 यह पूर्ण शक्ति देता है। अनु. 32 रिट क्षेत्राधिकार, अनु. 136 विशेष अनुमति याचिका और अनु. 143 परामर्शी क्षेत्राधिकार है।"},{"id":"m17","t":"pol-judiciary","q":"The writ jurisdiction of High Courts is wider than that of the Supreme Court because:","o":["High Courts can issue writs against private persons only","High Courts can issue writs for enforcement of fundamental rights and \"for any other purpose\"","The Supreme Court cannot issue certiorari","High Court writs cannot be appealed"],"a":1,"x":"Article 226 allows High Courts to issue writs for enforcing fundamental rights and for any other purpose (legal rights), while Article 32 is limited to fundamental rights.","qh":"उच्च न्यायालयों का रिट क्षेत्राधिकार सर्वोच्च न्यायालय से व्यापक है क्योंकि:","oh":["उच्च न्यायालय केवल निजी व्यक्तियों के विरुद्ध रिट जारी कर सकते हैं","उच्च न्यायालय मौलिक अधिकारों के प्रवर्तन और \"किसी अन्य प्रयोजन\" के लिए भी रिट जारी कर सकते हैं","सर्वोच्च न्यायालय उत्प्रेषण जारी नहीं कर सकता","उच्च न्यायालय की रिटों के विरुद्ध अपील नहीं हो सकती"],"xh":"अनुच्छेद 226 उच्च न्यायालयों को मौलिक अधिकारों के साथ किसी अन्य प्रयोजन (विधिक अधिकार) हेतु भी रिट जारी करने देता है, जबकि अनुच्छेद 32 केवल मौलिक अधिकारों तक सीमित है।"},{"id":"m18","t":"pol-federalism","q":"Residuary powers of legislation in India are vested in:","o":["the State Legislatures","Parliament","both Parliament and State Legislatures concurrently","the President"],"a":1,"x":"Article 248 and Entry 97 of the Union List vest residuary powers in Parliament, unlike the US where they rest with the states.","qh":"भारत में विधायन की अवशिष्ट शक्तियाँ किसमें निहित हैं?","oh":["राज्य विधानमंडलों में","संसद में","संसद और राज्य विधानमंडल दोनों में समवर्ती रूप से","राष्ट्रपति में"],"xh":"अनुच्छेद 248 और संघ सूची की प्रविष्टि 97 अवशिष्ट शक्तियाँ संसद को देती हैं, जबकि अमेरिका में ये राज्यों के पास हैं।"},{"id":"m19","t":"pol-federalism","q":"Under Article 249, Parliament can legislate on a State List subject if:","o":["the President issues an order","the Rajya Sabha passes a resolution by two-thirds of members present and voting that it is in the national interest","two or more states request it","the Finance Commission recommends it"],"a":1,"x":"Article 249 requires a Rajya Sabha resolution supported by two-thirds of members present and voting; it is valid for one year and can be extended. Option (c) describes Article 252.","qh":"अनुच्छेद 249 के अंतर्गत संसद राज्य सूची के विषय पर कानून बना सकती है, यदि:","oh":["राष्ट्रपति आदेश जारी करें","राज्यसभा उपस्थित और मतदान करने वाले सदस्यों के दो-तिहाई से संकल्प पारित करे कि यह राष्ट्रीय हित में है","दो या अधिक राज्य अनुरोध करें","वित्त आयोग सिफारिश करे"],"xh":"अनुच्छेद 249 के लिए राज्यसभा का दो-तिहाई बहुमत से संकल्प आवश्यक है; यह एक वर्ष के लिए वैध होता है और बढ़ाया जा सकता है। विकल्प (c) अनुच्छेद 252 का वर्णन है।"},{"id":"m20","t":"pol-local","q":"The minimum proportion of seats reserved for women in Panchayats under the 73rd Amendment is:","o":["one-fourth","one-third","one-half","two-thirds"],"a":1,"x":"Article 243D mandates at least one-third reservation for women, including seats reserved for SCs/STs. Many states have increased it to 50% by law.","qh":"73वें संशोधन के अंतर्गत पंचायतों में महिलाओं के लिए आरक्षित सीटों का न्यूनतम अनुपात है:","oh":["एक-चौथाई","एक-तिहाई","आधा","दो-तिहाई"],"xh":"अनुच्छेद 243घ अनुसूचित जाति/जनजाति की आरक्षित सीटों सहित कम से कम एक-तिहाई आरक्षण अनिवार्य करता है। कई राज्यों ने कानून द्वारा इसे 50% कर दिया है।"},{"id":"m21","t":"pol-local","q":"The Twelfth Schedule of the Constitution relates to:","o":["Panchayats","Municipalities","Anti-defection","Tribal areas of the North-East"],"a":1,"x":"The Twelfth Schedule (74th Amendment) lists 18 functional items for Municipalities; the Eleventh Schedule lists 29 for Panchayats.","qh":"संविधान की बारहवीं अनुसूची का संबंध है:","oh":["पंचायतों से","नगरपालिकाओं से","दल-बदल विरोध से","पूर्वोत्तर के जनजातीय क्षेत्रों से"],"xh":"बारहवीं अनुसूची (74वाँ संशोधन) नगरपालिकाओं के 18 कार्यात्मक विषय सूचीबद्ध करती है; ग्यारहवीं अनुसूची पंचायतों के 29 विषय।"},{"id":"m22","t":"pol-parliament","q":"Disqualification of a member of Parliament on conviction for certain offences is provided under:","o":["Representation of the People Act, 1950","Representation of the People Act, 1951","Delimitation Act, 2002","The Tenth Schedule"],"a":1,"x":"Section 8 of the RPA, 1951 deals with disqualification on conviction. The 1950 Act deals with electoral rolls and allocation of seats.","qh":"कुछ अपराधों में दोषसिद्धि पर संसद सदस्य की अयोग्यता का प्रावधान किसमें है?","oh":["लोक प्रतिनिधित्व अधिनियम, 1950","लोक प्रतिनिधित्व अधिनियम, 1951","परिसीमन अधिनियम, 2002","दसवीं अनुसूची"],"xh":"लोक प्रतिनिधित्व अधिनियम, 1951 की धारा 8 दोषसिद्धि पर अयोग्यता से संबंधित है। 1950 का अधिनियम मतदाता सूची और सीट आवंटन से संबंधित है।"},{"id":"m23","t":"pol-bodies","q":"Which of the following is a constitutional body?","o":["National Human Rights Commission","Central Vigilance Commission","National Commission for Backward Classes","NITI Aayog"],"a":2,"x":"The NCBC became constitutional under Article 338B through the 102nd Amendment (2018). NHRC and CVC are statutory; NITI Aayog was created by an executive resolution.","qh":"निम्नलिखित में से कौन-सा संवैधानिक निकाय है?","oh":["राष्ट्रीय मानवाधिकार आयोग","केंद्रीय सतर्कता आयोग","राष्ट्रीय पिछड़ा वर्ग आयोग","नीति आयोग"],"xh":"102वें संशोधन (2018) से राष्ट्रीय पिछड़ा वर्ग आयोग अनुच्छेद 338ख के अंतर्गत संवैधानिक बना। मानवाधिकार आयोग और सतर्कता आयोग सांविधिक हैं; नीति आयोग कार्यकारी संकल्प से बना।"},{"id":"m24","t":"pol-constitution","q":"Which ground for a National Emergency was replaced by \"armed rebellion\" through the 44th Amendment?","o":["External aggression","War","Internal disturbance","Financial instability"],"a":2,"x":"The 44th Amendment (1978) replaced \"internal disturbance\" with \"armed rebellion\" to prevent misuse, after the 1975 emergency was declared on that ground.","qh":"44वें संशोधन द्वारा राष्ट्रीय आपातकाल के किस आधार को \"सशस्त्र विद्रोह\" से बदला गया?","oh":["बाहरी आक्रमण","युद्ध","आंतरिक अशांति","वित्तीय अस्थिरता"],"xh":"1975 का आपातकाल \"आंतरिक अशांति\" के आधार पर घोषित हुआ था; दुरुपयोग रोकने हेतु 44वें संशोधन (1978) ने इसे \"सशस्त्र विद्रोह\" से बदल दिया।"},{"id":"m25","t":"pol-governance","q":"Under the RTI Act, 2005, information concerning the life or liberty of a person must be provided within:","o":["24 hours","48 hours","7 days","30 days"],"a":1,"x":"The general time limit is 30 days, but information concerning life or liberty must be supplied within 48 hours of the request.","qh":"सूचना का अधिकार अधिनियम, 2005 के अंतर्गत किसी व्यक्ति के जीवन या स्वतंत्रता से संबंधित सूचना कितने समय में देनी होती है?","oh":["24 घंटे","48 घंटे","7 दिन","30 दिन"],"xh":"सामान्य समय-सीमा 30 दिन है, पर जीवन या स्वतंत्रता से संबंधित सूचना अनुरोध के 48 घंटे के भीतर देनी होती है।"},{"id":"m26","t":"pol-governance","q":"Under the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016, the number of specified disabilities is:","o":["7","14","21","25"],"a":2,"x":"The Act expanded the list from 7 under the 1995 Act to 21 specified disabilities and raised job reservation to 4%.","qh":"दिव्यांगजन अधिकार अधिनियम, 2016 के अंतर्गत निर्दिष्ट दिव्यांगताओं की संख्या है:","oh":["7","14","21","25"],"xh":"इस अधिनियम ने 1995 के अधिनियम की 7 दिव्यांगताओं की सूची को बढ़ाकर 21 किया और नौकरियों में आरक्षण 4% किया।"},{"id":"m27","t":"soc-poverty","q":"Under the National Food Security Act, 2013, the coverage of the targeted PDS extends up to:","o":["50% of the rural and 75% of the urban population","75% of the rural and 50% of the urban population","67% of the rural and urban population equally","only households below the poverty line"],"a":1,"x":"The Act covers up to 75% of the rural and 50% of the urban population, about two-thirds of the population overall.","qh":"राष्ट्रीय खाद्य सुरक्षा अधिनियम, 2013 के अंतर्गत लक्षित सार्वजनिक वितरण प्रणाली का दायरा है:","oh":["ग्रामीण 50% और शहरी 75% जनसंख्या","ग्रामीण 75% और शहरी 50% जनसंख्या","ग्रामीण और शहरी दोनों में समान रूप से 67%","केवल गरीबी रेखा से नीचे के परिवार"],"xh":"यह अधिनियम ग्रामीण 75% और शहरी 50% जनसंख्या तक, यानी कुल मिलाकर लगभग दो-तिहाई जनसंख्या को शामिल करता है।"},{"id":"m28","t":"soc-education","q":"The National Education Policy 2020 replaces the 10+2 school structure with:","o":["4+4+4","5+3+3+4","6+3+3","3+5+4"],"a":1,"x":"The 5+3+3+4 design covers foundational (ages 3–8), preparatory (8–11), middle (11–14) and secondary (14–18) stages.","qh":"राष्ट्रीय शिक्षा नीति 2020 ने 10+2 विद्यालयी संरचना को किससे बदला?","oh":["4+4+4","5+3+3+4","6+3+3","3+5+4"],"xh":"5+3+3+4 संरचना में आधारभूत (3–8 वर्ष), प्रारंभिक (8–11), मध्य (11–14) और माध्यमिक (14–18) चरण हैं।"},{"id":"m29","t":"ir-neighbours","q":"Which of the following rivers flows from India into Bangladesh and has been the subject of an unresolved water-sharing agreement?","o":["Teesta","Mahanadi","Sutlej","Godavari"],"a":0,"x":"The Teesta flows from Sikkim through West Bengal into Bangladesh; a water-sharing deal has not been concluded. The Ganga is covered by the 1996 treaty.","qh":"निम्नलिखित में से कौन-सी नदी भारत से बांग्लादेश जाती है और जिसके जल बँटवारे का समझौता अनसुलझा है?","oh":["तीस्ता","महानदी","सतलुज","गोदावरी"],"xh":"तीस्ता सिक्किम से पश्चिम बंगाल होते हुए बांग्लादेश जाती है; इसका जल बँटवारा समझौता नहीं हुआ है। गंगा 1996 की संधि के अंतर्गत है।"},{"id":"m30","t":"ir-groupings","q":"During India's G20 Presidency in 2023, which entity was admitted as a permanent member of the G20?","o":["ASEAN","African Union","European Union","Gulf Cooperation Council"],"a":1,"x":"The African Union became a permanent member at the New Delhi Summit (September 2023). The EU was already a member.","qh":"2023 में भारत की जी20 अध्यक्षता के दौरान किसे जी20 का स्थायी सदस्य बनाया गया?","oh":["आसियान","अफ्रीकी संघ","यूरोपीय संघ","खाड़ी सहयोग परिषद"],"xh":"नई दिल्ली शिखर सम्मेलन (सितंबर 2023) में अफ्रीकी संघ स्थायी सदस्य बना। यूरोपीय संघ पहले से सदस्य था।"},{"id":"m31","t":"ir-orgs","q":"The Appellate Body of the WTO has been non-functional since December 2019 because:","o":["India withdrew from the WTO","appointments of new members were blocked","it was merged with the Dispute Settlement Body","the Marrakesh Agreement expired"],"a":1,"x":"Appointments require consensus; the United States blocked them, leaving the Appellate Body without a quorum.","qh":"विश्व व्यापार संगठन का अपीलीय निकाय दिसंबर 2019 से निष्क्रिय है, क्योंकि:","oh":["भारत ने WTO छोड़ दिया","नए सदस्यों की नियुक्तियाँ रोकी गईं","इसका विवाद निपटान निकाय में विलय हो गया","मराकेश समझौता समाप्त हो गया"],"xh":"नियुक्तियों के लिए सर्वसम्मति आवश्यक है; अमेरिका ने उन्हें रोका, जिससे अपीलीय निकाय में कोरम नहीं रहा।"},{"id":"m32","t":"eco-budget","q":"Which of the following are presently outside the GST regime? 1. Alcohol for human consumption 2. Petrol 3. Tobacco","o":["1 only","1 and 2 only","2 and 3 only","1, 2 and 3"],"a":1,"x":"Alcohol for human consumption is constitutionally excluded; petroleum products like petrol are outside GST until the Council notifies a date. Tobacco is within GST (with additional levies).","qh":"वर्तमान में निम्नलिखित में से कौन जीएसटी व्यवस्था से बाहर हैं? 1. मानव उपभोग हेतु शराब 2. पेट्रोल 3. तंबाकू","oh":["केवल 1","केवल 1 और 2","केवल 2 और 3","1, 2 और 3"],"xh":"मानव उपभोग हेतु शराब संवैधानिक रूप से बाहर है; पेट्रोल जैसे पेट्रोलियम उत्पाद परिषद द्वारा तिथि अधिसूचित होने तक बाहर हैं। तंबाकू जीएसटी में है (अतिरिक्त उपकर सहित)।"},{"id":"m33","t":"eco-fiscal","q":"Primary deficit is:","o":["Fiscal deficit minus interest payments","Revenue deficit minus grants for capital assets","Total expenditure minus revenue receipts","Fiscal deficit minus revenue deficit"],"a":0,"x":"Primary deficit = fiscal deficit − interest payments. It shows borrowing needs excluding the cost of past debt.","qh":"प्राथमिक घाटा है:","oh":["राजकोषीय घाटा − ब्याज भुगतान","राजस्व घाटा − पूँजीगत परिसंपत्ति सृजन हेतु अनुदान","कुल व्यय − राजस्व प्राप्तियाँ","राजकोषीय घाटा − राजस्व घाटा"],"xh":"प्राथमिक घाटा = राजकोषीय घाटा − ब्याज भुगतान। यह पिछले ऋण की लागत को छोड़कर उधार की आवश्यकता दर्शाता है।"},{"id":"m34","t":"eco-fiscal","q":"No money can be withdrawn from the Consolidated Fund of India except under:","o":["a Finance Act","an Appropriation Act","a Presidential order","a CAG certificate"],"a":1,"x":"Article 114(3): no money shall be withdrawn from the Consolidated Fund except under appropriation made by law (the Appropriation Act).","qh":"भारत की संचित निधि से धन किसके अंतर्गत ही निकाला जा सकता है?","oh":["वित्त अधिनियम","विनियोग अधिनियम","राष्ट्रपति का आदेश","CAG का प्रमाणपत्र"],"xh":"अनुच्छेद 114(3): संचित निधि से धन केवल विधि द्वारा किए गए विनियोग (विनियोग अधिनियम) के अंतर्गत निकाला जा सकता है।"},{"id":"m35","t":"eco-monetary","q":"Under the flexible inflation targeting framework, the RBI's CPI inflation target is:","o":["2% with a band of ±1%","4% with a band of ±2%","5% with a band of ±1%","6% with no band"],"a":1,"x":"The target notified under the amended RBI Act is 4% CPI inflation with tolerance of 2–6%.","qh":"लचीले मुद्रास्फीति लक्ष्यीकरण ढाँचे में RBI का CPI मुद्रास्फीति लक्ष्य है:","oh":["2%, ±1% सीमा के साथ","4%, ±2% सीमा के साथ","5%, ±1% सीमा के साथ","6%, बिना सीमा के"],"xh":"संशोधित RBI अधिनियम के अंतर्गत अधिसूचित लक्ष्य 4% CPI मुद्रास्फीति है, 2–6% की सहनशीलता सीमा के साथ।"},{"id":"m36","t":"eco-monetary","q":"Which instrument now forms the floor of the RBI's liquidity adjustment facility corridor?","o":["Marginal Standing Facility","Fixed rate reverse repo","Standing Deposit Facility","Bank rate"],"a":2,"x":"Since April 2022 the Standing Deposit Facility, which absorbs liquidity without collateral, is the floor; the MSF is the ceiling.","qh":"अब RBI के तरलता समायोजन सुविधा गलियारे का निचला छोर कौन-सा साधन है?","oh":["सीमांत स्थायी सुविधा","निश्चित दर रिवर्स रेपो","स्थायी जमा सुविधा","बैंक दर"],"xh":"अप्रैल 2022 से स्थायी जमा सुविधा, जो बिना संपार्श्विक के तरलता सोखती है, निचला छोर है; सीमांत स्थायी सुविधा ऊपरी छोर है।"},{"id":"m37","t":"eco-inflation","q":"Which index is used by the RBI as its nominal anchor for inflation targeting?","o":["Wholesale Price Index","Consumer Price Index (Combined)","GDP deflator","Producer Price Index"],"a":1,"x":"The RBI targets headline CPI (Combined) inflation, released by the National Statistics Office.","qh":"RBI मुद्रास्फीति लक्ष्यीकरण हेतु किस सूचकांक को आधार मानता है?","oh":["थोक मूल्य सूचकांक","उपभोक्ता मूल्य सूचकांक (संयुक्त)","GDP अपस्फीतिक","उत्पादक मूल्य सूचकांक"],"xh":"RBI राष्ट्रीय सांख्यिकी कार्यालय द्वारा जारी शीर्ष CPI (संयुक्त) मुद्रास्फीति को लक्षित करता है।"},{"id":"m38","t":"eco-growth","q":"The Mahalanobis model, which shaped India's Second Five-Year Plan, emphasised:","o":["agriculture and rural industries","heavy and capital goods industries","export-led growth","the services sector"],"a":1,"x":"The Second Plan (1956–61) followed the Mahalanobis model prioritising heavy industry and capital goods.","qh":"भारत की द्वितीय पंचवर्षीय योजना को आकार देने वाले महालनोबिस मॉडल ने किस पर बल दिया?","oh":["कृषि और ग्रामीण उद्योग","भारी और पूँजीगत वस्तु उद्योग","निर्यात-आधारित संवृद्धि","सेवा क्षेत्र"],"xh":"द्वितीय योजना (1956–61) ने भारी उद्योग और पूँजीगत वस्तुओं को प्राथमिकता देने वाला महालनोबिस मॉडल अपनाया।"},{"id":"m39","t":"eco-agri","q":"Which of the following is a rabi crop?","o":["Rice","Cotton","Mustard","Jowar"],"a":2,"x":"Mustard is sown in winter (rabi). Rice and cotton are kharif; jowar is mainly kharif though also grown in rabi in parts of the Deccan.","qh":"निम्नलिखित में से कौन-सी रबी फसल है?","oh":["चावल","कपास","सरसों","ज्वार"],"xh":"सरसों शीत ऋतु (रबी) में बोई जाती है। चावल और कपास खरीफ हैं; ज्वार मुख्यतः खरीफ है, यद्यपि दक्कन के कुछ भागों में रबी में भी उगाई जाती है।"},{"id":"m40","t":"eco-agri","q":"Under the WTO Agreement on Agriculture, trade-distorting domestic support subject to reduction commitments falls in the:","o":["Green box","Blue box","Amber box","Development box"],"a":2,"x":"Amber box support (e.g., market price support) is trade-distorting and capped by de minimis limits. Green box measures are minimally distorting and exempt.","qh":"WTO कृषि समझौते में कटौती प्रतिबद्धताओं के अधीन व्यापार-विकृत घरेलू समर्थन किस बॉक्स में आता है?","oh":["ग्रीन बॉक्स","ब्लू बॉक्स","एम्बर बॉक्स","डेवलपमेंट बॉक्स"],"xh":"एम्बर बॉक्स समर्थन (जैसे बाज़ार मूल्य समर्थन) व्यापार-विकृत है और न्यूनतम सीमाओं से बँधा है। ग्रीन बॉक्स उपाय न्यूनतम विकृत करने वाले और छूट-प्राप्त हैं।"},{"id":"m41","t":"eco-agri","q":"In the Hybrid Annuity Model for highways, the government typically pays what share of the project cost during construction?","o":["20%","40%","60%","100%"],"a":1,"x":"Under HAM, the government provides 40% during construction; the developer finances 60% and recovers it through annuities over the operation period.","qh":"राजमार्गों के हाइब्रिड एन्युटी मॉडल में निर्माण के दौरान सरकार सामान्यतः परियोजना लागत का कितना भाग देती है?","oh":["20%","40%","60%","100%"],"xh":"HAM में सरकार निर्माण के दौरान 40% देती है; डेवलपर 60% लगाता है और संचालन अवधि में वार्षिकी से वसूलता है।"},{"id":"m42","t":"geo-resources","q":"India's updated NDC (2022) commits to what share of installed electric power capacity from non-fossil sources by 2030?","o":["40%","50%","60%","75%"],"a":1,"x":"The updated NDC targets about 50% cumulative installed capacity from non-fossil sources by 2030 and a 45% reduction in emissions intensity of GDP from 2005 levels.","qh":"भारत का अद्यतन NDC (2022) 2030 तक स्थापित विद्युत क्षमता का कितना भाग गैर-जीवाश्म स्रोतों से करने की प्रतिबद्धता देता है?","oh":["40%","50%","60%","75%"],"xh":"अद्यतन NDC 2030 तक लगभग 50% संचयी स्थापित क्षमता गैर-जीवाश्म स्रोतों से और GDP की उत्सर्जन तीव्रता 2005 के स्तर से 45% घटाने का लक्ष्य रखता है।"},{"id":"m43","t":"his-ancient","q":"Ashoka's edicts were mostly written in:","o":["Sanskrit in Devanagari script","Prakrit in Brahmi script","Pali in Gupta script","Greek in Kharoshthi script"],"a":1,"x":"Most edicts are in Prakrit in the Brahmi script; those in the north-west used Kharoshthi, and some in Afghanistan used Greek and Aramaic.","qh":"अशोक के अभिलेख अधिकतर किसमें लिखे गए?","oh":["देवनागरी लिपि में संस्कृत","ब्राह्मी लिपि में प्राकृत","गुप्त लिपि में पालि","खरोष्ठी लिपि में यूनानी"],"xh":"अधिकांश अभिलेख ब्राह्मी लिपि में प्राकृत भाषा में हैं; उत्तर-पश्चिम के अभिलेख खरोष्ठी में और अफ़ग़ानिस्तान के कुछ यूनानी और अरामाइक में हैं।"},{"id":"m44","t":"his-ancient","q":"Which Harappan site is known for a dockyard?","o":["Kalibangan","Lothal","Banawali","Rakhigarhi"],"a":1,"x":"Lothal in Gujarat had a structure widely interpreted as a dockyard. Kalibangan is known for ploughed fields and fire altars.","qh":"कौन-सा हड़प्पा स्थल गोदीवाड़ा (डॉकयार्ड) के लिए जाना जाता है?","oh":["कालीबंगा","लोथल","बनावली","राखीगढ़ी"],"xh":"गुजरात के लोथल में एक संरचना को व्यापक रूप से गोदीवाड़ा माना जाता है। कालीबंगा जुते हुए खेत और अग्नि वेदियों के लिए प्रसिद्ध है।"},{"id":"m45","t":"his-medieval","q":"The mansabdari system was introduced by:","o":["Babur","Sher Shah Suri","Akbar","Aurangzeb"],"a":2,"x":"Akbar organised the nobility and army through mansabs (ranks) with zat and sawar components.","qh":"मनसबदारी प्रणाली किसने शुरू की?","oh":["बाबर","शेरशाह सूरी","अकबर","औरंगज़ेब"],"xh":"अकबर ने अमीर वर्ग और सेना को ज़ात और सवार घटकों वाले मनसबों (पदों) में संगठित किया।"},{"id":"m46","t":"cul-art","q":"The Nagara style of temple architecture is characterised by:","o":["a pyramidal vimana and a gopuram","a curvilinear shikhara over the sanctum","a flat-roofed structure with no tower","a mixture of Dravida and Vesara features"],"a":1,"x":"Nagara temples have a curvilinear shikhara; Dravida temples have a pyramidal vimana and large gateway gopurams.","qh":"मंदिर स्थापत्य की नागर शैली की विशेषता है:","oh":["पिरामिडनुमा विमान और गोपुरम","गर्भगृह के ऊपर वक्ररेखीय शिखर","बिना शिखर की समतल छत वाली संरचना","द्रविड़ और वेसर लक्षणों का मिश्रण"],"xh":"नागर मंदिरों में वक्ररेखीय शिखर होता है; द्रविड़ मंदिरों में पिरामिडनुमा विमान और बड़े प्रवेशद्वार गोपुरम होते हैं।"},{"id":"m47","t":"cul-art","q":"The Gandhara school of art is noted for:","o":["red sandstone sculptures with indigenous features","Greco-Roman influence and use of grey schist","bronze casting by lost-wax technique","terracotta figurines"],"a":1,"x":"Gandhara art shows Hellenistic influence and used grey schist; the Mathura school used spotted red sandstone.","qh":"गांधार कला शैली किसके लिए प्रसिद्ध है?","oh":["देशज लक्षणों वाली लाल बलुआ पत्थर की मूर्तियाँ","यूनानी-रोमन प्रभाव और धूसर शिस्ट का प्रयोग","लुप्त मोम तकनीक से कांस्य ढलाई","मृण्मूर्तियाँ"],"xh":"गांधार कला में यूनानी (हेलेनिस्टिक) प्रभाव है और धूसर शिस्ट का प्रयोग हुआ; मथुरा शैली में चित्तीदार लाल बलुआ पत्थर प्रयुक्त हुआ।"},{"id":"m48","t":"his-modern","q":"The Permanent Settlement of 1793 was introduced by:","o":["Warren Hastings","Lord Cornwallis","Lord Wellesley","Lord Dalhousie"],"a":1,"x":"Cornwallis introduced the Permanent Settlement in Bengal, fixing revenue permanently with zamindars.","qh":"1793 का स्थायी बंदोबस्त किसने लागू किया?","oh":["वारेन हेस्टिंग्स","लॉर्ड कॉर्नवालिस","लॉर्ड वेलेज़ली","लॉर्ड डलहौज़ी"],"xh":"कॉर्नवालिस ने बंगाल में स्थायी बंदोबस्त लागू कर ज़मींदारों के साथ राजस्व स्थायी रूप से तय किया।"},{"id":"m49","t":"his-modern","q":"The Doctrine of Lapse is associated with:","o":["Lord Wellesley","Lord Dalhousie","Lord Canning","Lord Ripon"],"a":1,"x":"Dalhousie annexed states such as Satara, Jhansi and Nagpur when rulers died without a natural heir.","qh":"व्यपगत का सिद्धांत किससे जुड़ा है?","oh":["लॉर्ड वेलेज़ली","लॉर्ड डलहौज़ी","लॉर्ड कैनिंग","लॉर्ड रिपन"],"xh":"डलहौज़ी ने सतारा, झाँसी और नागपुर जैसे राज्यों का विलय तब किया जब शासक बिना प्राकृतिक उत्तराधिकारी के मरे।"},{"id":"m50","t":"his-freedom","q":"The Non-Cooperation Movement was withdrawn after:","o":["the Jallianwala Bagh massacre","the Chauri Chaura incident","the arrest of Gandhi","the Gandhi–Irwin Pact"],"a":1,"x":"Gandhi withdrew the movement in February 1922 after violence at Chauri Chaura (Gorakhpur), where a police station was burnt.","qh":"असहयोग आंदोलन किस घटना के बाद वापस लिया गया?","oh":["जलियाँवाला बाग हत्याकांड","चौरी-चौरा घटना","गांधी की गिरफ़्तारी","गांधी–इरविन समझौता"],"xh":"गोरखपुर के चौरी-चौरा में हिंसा, जहाँ एक पुलिस थाना जलाया गया, के बाद गांधी ने फ़रवरी 1922 में आंदोलन वापस लिया।"},{"id":"m51","t":"his-freedom","q":"The Government of India Act, 1919 introduced:","o":["provincial autonomy","dyarchy in the provinces","an all-India federation","separate electorates for the first time"],"a":1,"x":"The 1919 Act introduced dyarchy (transferred and reserved subjects) in provinces. Provincial autonomy came with the 1935 Act; separate electorates began with the 1909 Act.","qh":"भारत सरकार अधिनियम, 1919 ने क्या शुरू किया?","oh":["प्रांतीय स्वायत्तता","प्रांतों में द्वैध शासन","अखिल भारतीय संघ","पहली बार पृथक निर्वाचन"],"xh":"1919 के अधिनियम ने प्रांतों में द्वैध शासन (हस्तांतरित और आरक्षित विषय) शुरू किया। प्रांतीय स्वायत्तता 1935 के अधिनियम से आई; पृथक निर्वाचन 1909 के अधिनियम से शुरू हुआ।"},{"id":"m52","t":"his-modern","q":"The Tebhaga movement demanded:","o":["abolition of zamindari in Bihar","two-thirds share of the harvest for sharecroppers in Bengal","end of forced indigo cultivation","restoration of forest rights in Chota Nagpur"],"a":1,"x":"Tebhaga (1946–47), led by the Bengal Kisan Sabha, sought two-thirds of the crop for bargadars instead of half.","qh":"तेभागा आंदोलन की माँग थी:","oh":["बिहार में ज़मींदारी उन्मूलन","बंगाल में बटाईदारों के लिए फसल का दो-तिहाई हिस्सा","जबरन नील खेती की समाप्ति","छोटा नागपुर में वन अधिकारों की बहाली"],"xh":"बंगाल किसान सभा के नेतृत्व में तेभागा (1946–47) ने बटाईदारों के लिए आधे के स्थान पर दो-तिहाई फसल की माँग की।"},{"id":"m53","t":"his-modern","q":"The unification of Germany was completed in:","o":["1848","1861","1871","1919"],"a":2,"x":"The German Empire was proclaimed in January 1871 under Prussian leadership after the Franco-Prussian War.","qh":"जर्मनी का एकीकरण कब पूरा हुआ?","oh":["1848","1861","1871","1919"],"xh":"फ्रांस–प्रशा युद्ध के बाद प्रशा के नेतृत्व में जनवरी 1871 में जर्मन साम्राज्य की घोषणा हुई।"},{"id":"m54","t":"geo-physical","q":"The existence of a liquid outer core is inferred from:","o":["the shadow zone of S-waves","the high density of crustal rocks","the magnetic field of the crust","the speed of surface waves"],"a":0,"x":"S-waves cannot travel through liquids; their absence beyond about 105° from the epicentre indicates a liquid outer core.","qh":"तरल बाह्य क्रोड के अस्तित्व का अनुमान किससे लगाया जाता है?","oh":["S-तरंगों के छाया क्षेत्र से","भूपर्पटी की चट्टानों के उच्च घनत्व से","भूपर्पटी के चुंबकीय क्षेत्र से","सतही तरंगों की गति से"],"xh":"S-तरंगें तरल से नहीं गुज़रतीं; अधिकेंद्र से लगभग 105° के बाद उनकी अनुपस्थिति तरल बाह्य क्रोड दर्शाती है।"},{"id":"m55","t":"geo-physical","q":"Tropical cyclones do not generally form within about 5° of the equator because:","o":["sea surface temperatures are too low","the Coriolis force is negligible there","trade winds are absent","there is no moisture"],"a":1,"x":"A cyclone needs the Coriolis force to develop rotation; it is near zero at the equator.","qh":"उष्णकटिबंधीय चक्रवात सामान्यतः विषुवत रेखा के लगभग 5° के भीतर नहीं बनते, क्योंकि:","oh":["समुद्री सतह का तापमान बहुत कम होता है","वहाँ कोरिओलिस बल नगण्य होता है","व्यापारिक पवनें नहीं होतीं","नमी नहीं होती"],"xh":"चक्रवात में घूर्णन विकसित होने के लिए कोरिओलिस बल आवश्यक है, जो विषुवत रेखा पर लगभग शून्य होता है।"},{"id":"m56","t":"geo-physical","q":"El Niño refers to:","o":["cooling of the western Pacific","warming of the central and eastern equatorial Pacific","the onset of the Indian monsoon","warming of the western Indian Ocean only"],"a":1,"x":"El Niño is anomalous warming of the central and eastern equatorial Pacific and tends to weaken the Indian monsoon.","qh":"एल नीनो का अर्थ है:","oh":["पश्चिमी प्रशांत का ठंडा होना","मध्य और पूर्वी विषुवतीय प्रशांत का गर्म होना","भारतीय मानसून का आगमन","केवल पश्चिमी हिंद महासागर का गर्म होना"],"xh":"एल नीनो मध्य और पूर्वी विषुवतीय प्रशांत का असामान्य रूप से गर्म होना है और यह भारतीय मानसून को कमज़ोर करता है।"},{"id":"m57","t":"geo-world","q":"Spring tides occur when:","o":["the Sun and Moon are at right angles relative to the Earth","the Sun, Moon and Earth are in a straight line","the Moon is farthest from the Earth","only at the equinoxes"],"a":1,"x":"Alignment at new and full moon combines solar and lunar pull, producing higher high tides.","qh":"दीर्घ ज्वार (स्प्रिंग टाइड) तब आता है जब:","oh":["सूर्य और चंद्रमा पृथ्वी के सापेक्ष समकोण पर हों","सूर्य, चंद्रमा और पृथ्वी एक सीध में हों","चंद्रमा पृथ्वी से सबसे दूर हो","केवल विषुवों पर"],"xh":"अमावस्या और पूर्णिमा पर एक सीध में होने से सूर्य और चंद्रमा का खिंचाव मिल जाता है, जिससे ऊँचे ज्वार आते हैं।"},{"id":"m58","t":"geo-indian","q":"Which of the following rivers flows westward through a rift valley?","o":["Godavari","Krishna","Narmada","Mahanadi"],"a":2,"x":"The Narmada (and Tapi) flow west through rift valleys into the Arabian Sea and form estuaries rather than deltas.","qh":"निम्नलिखित में से कौन-सी नदी भ्रंश घाटी से पश्चिम की ओर बहती है?","oh":["गोदावरी","कृष्णा","नर्मदा","महानदी"],"xh":"नर्मदा (और तापी) भ्रंश घाटियों से पश्चिम की ओर बहकर अरब सागर में गिरती हैं और डेल्टा के बजाय ज्वारनदमुख बनाती हैं।"},{"id":"m59","t":"geo-indian","q":"The highest peak of peninsular India is:","o":["Doddabetta","Anamudi","Mahendragiri","Guru Shikhar"],"a":1,"x":"Anamudi (about 2,695 m) in the Anaimalai Hills of Kerala is the highest peak south of the Himalayas.","qh":"प्रायद्वीपीय भारत की सबसे ऊँची चोटी है:","oh":["दोड्डाबेट्टा","अनाईमुडी","महेंद्रगिरि","गुरु शिखर"],"xh":"केरल की अन्नामलाई पहाड़ियों में अनाईमुडी (लगभग 2,695 मी) हिमालय के दक्षिण की सबसे ऊँची चोटी है।"},{"id":"m60","t":"geo-indian","q":"\"Mango showers\" are pre-monsoon showers common in:","o":["Punjab and Haryana","Kerala and coastal Karnataka","West Bengal and Assam","Rajasthan"],"a":1,"x":"Mango showers help ripen mangoes in Kerala and Karnataka. In Bengal and Assam, pre-monsoon storms are called Kalbaisakhi.","qh":"\"आम्र वर्षा\" किन क्षेत्रों की मानसून-पूर्व वर्षा है?","oh":["पंजाब और हरियाणा","केरल और तटीय कर्नाटक","पश्चिम बंगाल और असम","राजस्थान"],"xh":"आम्र वर्षा केरल और कर्नाटक में आमों को पकने में सहायता करती है। बंगाल और असम में मानसून-पूर्व तूफ़ानों को काल बैसाखी कहते हैं।"},{"id":"m61","t":"geo-indian","q":"Black (regur) soil is most suitable for:","o":["tea","cotton","rice","coffee"],"a":1,"x":"Black soil, formed from Deccan basalt, retains moisture and is ideal for cotton.","qh":"काली (रेगुर) मृदा किसके लिए सबसे उपयुक्त है?","oh":["चाय","कपास","चावल","कॉफ़ी"],"xh":"दक्कन के बेसाल्ट से बनी काली मृदा नमी धारण करती है और कपास के लिए आदर्श है।"},{"id":"m62","t":"geo-resources","q":"An industry that tends to locate close to raw materials because the raw materials lose weight during processing is called:","o":["market-oriented","footloose","weight-losing (raw-material oriented)","labour-oriented"],"a":2,"x":"Iron and steel and sugar are weight-losing industries; locating near raw materials reduces transport costs.","qh":"वह उद्योग जो कच्चे माल के पास लगता है क्योंकि प्रसंस्करण में कच्चे माल का भार घटता है, कहलाता है:","oh":["बाज़ार-उन्मुख","स्वतंत्र (फुटलूज़)","भार-ह्रासी (कच्चा माल उन्मुख)","श्रम-उन्मुख"],"xh":"लौह-इस्पात और चीनी भार-ह्रासी उद्योग हैं; कच्चे माल के पास स्थित होने से परिवहन लागत घटती है।"},{"id":"m63","t":"geo-world","q":"India's only confirmed active volcano is located in:","o":["Lakshadweep","Barren Island, Andaman and Nicobar","Narcondam Island","Deccan plateau"],"a":1,"x":"Barren Island in the Andaman Sea is active; Narcondam is considered dormant.","qh":"भारत का एकमात्र पुष्ट सक्रिय ज्वालामुखी कहाँ है?","oh":["लक्षद्वीप","बैरन द्वीप, अंडमान और निकोबार","नारकोंडम द्वीप","दक्कन का पठार"],"xh":"अंडमान सागर का बैरन द्वीप सक्रिय है; नारकोंडम को सुप्त माना जाता है।"},{"id":"m64","t":"sec-disaster","q":"The National Disaster Management Authority is chaired by:","o":["the Union Home Minister","the Prime Minister","the Cabinet Secretary","the President"],"a":1,"x":"Under the Disaster Management Act, 2005, the Prime Minister chairs the NDMA.","qh":"राष्ट्रीय आपदा प्रबंधन प्राधिकरण की अध्यक्षता कौन करता है?","oh":["केंद्रीय गृह मंत्री","प्रधानमंत्री","कैबिनेट सचिव","राष्ट्रपति"],"xh":"आपदा प्रबंधन अधिनियम, 2005 के अंतर्गत प्रधानमंत्री NDMA के अध्यक्ष हैं।"},{"id":"m65","t":"env-climate","q":"The principle of \"common but differentiated responsibilities\" was established in:","o":["the Montreal Protocol","the UNFCCC","the Ramsar Convention","the Kyoto Protocol only"],"a":1,"x":"CBDR-RC is a principle of the 1992 UNFCCC; Kyoto and Paris build on it in different ways.","qh":"\"साझा किंतु विभेदित उत्तरदायित्व\" का सिद्धांत किसमें स्थापित हुआ?","oh":["मॉन्ट्रियल प्रोटोकॉल","UNFCCC","रामसर अभिसमय","केवल क्योटो प्रोटोकॉल"],"xh":"CBDR-RC 1992 के UNFCCC का सिद्धांत है; क्योटो और पेरिस इसे अलग-अलग ढंग से आगे बढ़ाते हैं।"},{"id":"m66","t":"env-climate","q":"At which COP was agreement reached to establish a Loss and Damage fund?","o":["COP21, Paris","COP26, Glasgow","COP27, Sharm el-Sheikh","COP25, Madrid"],"a":2,"x":"COP27 (2022) agreed to establish the fund; COP28 (2023) operationalised it.","qh":"किस COP में हानि और क्षति कोष स्थापित करने पर सहमति बनी?","oh":["COP21, पेरिस","COP26, ग्लासगो","COP27, शर्म अल-शेख","COP25, मैड्रिड"],"xh":"COP27 (2022) में कोष स्थापित करने पर सहमति बनी; COP28 (2023) ने इसे क्रियाशील किया।"},{"id":"m67","t":"env-biodiversity","q":"Which of the following biodiversity hotspots does NOT include Indian territory?","o":["Indo-Burma","Sundaland","Western Ghats and Sri Lanka","Mountains of Central Asia"],"a":3,"x":"India is part of four hotspots: Himalaya, Indo-Burma, Western Ghats–Sri Lanka and Sundaland (Nicobar Islands).","qh":"निम्नलिखित में से किस जैव विविधता हॉटस्पॉट में भारतीय क्षेत्र शामिल नहीं है?","oh":["इंडो-बर्मा","सुंडालैंड","पश्चिमी घाट और श्रीलंका","मध्य एशिया के पर्वत"],"xh":"भारत चार हॉटस्पॉट का भाग है: हिमालय, इंडो-बर्मा, पश्चिमी घाट–श्रीलंका और सुंडालैंड (निकोबार द्वीप)।"},{"id":"m68","t":"env-biodiversity","q":"The Nagoya Protocol under the CBD concerns:","o":["biosafety of living modified organisms","access to genetic resources and benefit sharing","trade in endangered species","protection of wetlands"],"a":1,"x":"Nagoya deals with access and benefit sharing; Cartagena with biosafety; CITES with trade in species; Ramsar with wetlands.","qh":"जैव विविधता अभिसमय के अंतर्गत नागोया प्रोटोकॉल का संबंध है:","oh":["जीवित संशोधित जीवों की जैव सुरक्षा","आनुवंशिक संसाधनों तक पहुँच और लाभ साझाकरण","संकटग्रस्त प्रजातियों का व्यापार","आर्द्रभूमियों का संरक्षण"],"xh":"नागोया पहुँच और लाभ साझाकरण से, कार्टाजेना जैव सुरक्षा से, CITES प्रजातियों के व्यापार से और रामसर आर्द्रभूमियों से संबंधित है।"},{"id":"m69","t":"env-ecology","q":"According to the ten percent law, energy transferred to the next trophic level is roughly:","o":["1%","10%","50%","90%"],"a":1,"x":"Lindeman's law states about 10% of energy at one trophic level is available to the next.","qh":"दस प्रतिशत नियम के अनुसार अगले पोषी स्तर तक लगभग कितनी ऊर्जा पहुँचती है?","oh":["1%","10%","50%","90%"],"xh":"लिंडमैन के नियम के अनुसार एक पोषी स्तर की लगभग 10% ऊर्जा अगले स्तर को उपलब्ध होती है।"},{"id":"m70","t":"env-pollution","q":"The Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol aims to phase down:","o":["CFCs","HCFCs","HFCs","Methane"],"a":2,"x":"HFCs do not deplete ozone but are potent greenhouse gases; Kigali (2016) phases them down.","qh":"मॉन्ट्रियल प्रोटोकॉल का किगाली संशोधन किसे चरणबद्ध रूप से घटाने का लक्ष्य रखता है?","oh":["CFC","HCFC","HFC","मीथेन"],"xh":"HFC ओज़ोन का क्षय नहीं करते, पर शक्तिशाली ग्रीनहाउस गैसें हैं; किगाली (2016) इन्हें चरणबद्ध घटाता है।"},{"id":"m71","t":"st-space","q":"A satellite in a geostationary orbit:","o":["passes over the poles each orbit","has an orbital period of about 24 hours and appears fixed over the equator","orbits at about 800 km altitude","is used mainly for high-resolution imaging"],"a":1,"x":"Geostationary orbits are about 35,786 km above the equator with a period matching Earth's rotation, used for communication and weather.","qh":"भूस्थिर कक्षा में स्थित उपग्रह:","oh":["हर परिक्रमा में ध्रुवों के ऊपर से गुज़रता है","लगभग 24 घंटे की परिक्रमा अवधि रखता है और विषुवत रेखा के ऊपर स्थिर दिखता है","लगभग 800 किमी ऊँचाई पर परिक्रमा करता है","मुख्यतः उच्च-विभेदन चित्रण हेतु प्रयुक्त होता है"],"xh":"भूस्थिर कक्षा विषुवत रेखा से लगभग 35,786 किमी ऊपर है और इसकी अवधि पृथ्वी के घूर्णन के बराबर है; इसका प्रयोग संचार और मौसम हेतु होता है।"},{"id":"m72","t":"st-space","q":"Aditya-L1 studies the Sun from:","o":["a low Earth orbit","the Moon's surface","the first Sun–Earth Lagrange point","a geostationary orbit"],"a":2,"x":"L1 is about 1.5 million km from Earth toward the Sun, allowing uninterrupted solar observation.","qh":"आदित्य-एल1 सूर्य का अध्ययन कहाँ से करता है?","oh":["निम्न भू-कक्षा से","चंद्रमा की सतह से","पहले सूर्य–पृथ्वी लैग्रांज बिंदु से","भूस्थिर कक्षा से"],"xh":"L1 पृथ्वी से सूर्य की दिशा में लगभग 15 लाख किमी दूर है, जहाँ से सूर्य का निर्बाध अवलोकन संभव है।"},{"id":"m73","t":"st-biotech","q":"In India, approval for environmental release of genetically modified crops is given by:","o":["ICMR","FSSAI","Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee","Department of Biotechnology"],"a":2,"x":"The GEAC under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change appraises GMO releases.","qh":"भारत में आनुवंशिक रूप से संशोधित फसलों की पर्यावरणीय रिलीज़ की स्वीकृति कौन देता है?","oh":["ICMR","FSSAI","जेनेटिक इंजीनियरिंग मूल्यांकन समिति","जैव प्रौद्योगिकी विभाग"],"xh":"पर्यावरण, वन और जलवायु परिवर्तन मंत्रालय के अंतर्गत GEAC जीएम जीवों की रिलीज़ का मूल्यांकन करती है।"},{"id":"m74","t":"st-emerging","q":"Section 3(d) of India's Patents Act, 1970 is associated with:","o":["compulsory licensing","preventing \"evergreening\" of patents","protection of geographical indications","patent term extension"],"a":1,"x":"Section 3(d) bars patents on new forms of known substances without enhanced efficacy; it was upheld in Novartis (2013).","qh":"भारत के पेटेंट अधिनियम, 1970 की धारा 3(डी) किससे जुड़ी है?","oh":["अनिवार्य लाइसेंसिंग","पेटेंट की \"एवरग्रीनिंग\" रोकना","भौगोलिक संकेतकों का संरक्षण","पेटेंट अवधि विस्तार"],"xh":"धारा 3(डी) बढ़ी हुई प्रभावकारिता के बिना ज्ञात पदार्थों के नए रूपों पर पेटेंट रोकती है; नोवार्टिस (2013) में इसे सही ठहराया गया।"},{"id":"m75","t":"sec-internal","q":"The \"one border, one force\" principle assigns the India–Nepal border to:","o":["BSF","ITBP","SSB","Assam Rifles"],"a":2,"x":"Sashastra Seema Bal guards the Nepal and Bhutan borders; ITBP guards the China border; Assam Rifles the Myanmar border.","qh":"\"एक सीमा, एक बल\" सिद्धांत के अंतर्गत भारत–नेपाल सीमा किसे सौंपी गई है?","oh":["सीमा सुरक्षा बल","भारत-तिब्बत सीमा पुलिस","सशस्त्र सीमा बल","असम राइफ़ल्स"],"xh":"सशस्त्र सीमा बल नेपाल और भूटान सीमाओं की रक्षा करता है; ITBP चीन सीमा और असम राइफ़ल्स म्यांमार सीमा की।"},{"id":"m76","t":"sec-internal","q":"The national nodal agency for responding to cyber security incidents in India is:","o":["NCIIPC","CERT-In","NIA","NTRO"],"a":1,"x":"CERT-In under MeitY handles incident response; NCIIPC protects critical information infrastructure.","qh":"भारत में साइबर सुरक्षा घटनाओं पर प्रतिक्रिया हेतु राष्ट्रीय नोडल एजेंसी है:","oh":["NCIIPC","CERT-In","NIA","NTRO"],"xh":"इलेक्ट्रॉनिकी और सूचना प्रौद्योगिकी मंत्रालय के अंतर्गत CERT-In घटना प्रतिक्रिया देखता है; NCIIPC महत्वपूर्ण सूचना अवसंरचना की रक्षा करता है।"},{"id":"m77","t":"eth-theory","q":"The \"veil of ignorance\" is a device associated with:","o":["Immanuel Kant","John Rawls","John Stuart Mill","Aristotle"],"a":1,"x":"Rawls used the veil of ignorance to derive principles of justice chosen without knowing one's place in society.","qh":"\"अज्ञानता का पर्दा\" किस विचारक से जुड़ा है?","oh":["इमैनुएल कांट","जॉन रॉल्स","जॉन स्टुअर्ट मिल","अरस्तू"],"xh":"रॉल्स ने समाज में अपनी स्थिति जाने बिना चुने गए न्याय के सिद्धांतों के लिए अज्ञानता के पर्दे का प्रयोग किया।"},{"id":"m78","t":"eth-theory","q":"Which is NOT a component of emotional intelligence in Goleman's model?","o":["Self-awareness","Empathy","Self-regulation","Intelligence quotient"],"a":3,"x":"Goleman's model includes self-awareness, self-regulation, motivation, empathy and social skills; IQ is a separate construct.","qh":"गोलमैन के मॉडल में निम्नलिखित में से कौन भावनात्मक बुद्धिमत्ता का घटक नहीं है?","oh":["आत्म-जागरूकता","समानुभूति","आत्म-नियमन","बुद्धि लब्धि (IQ)"],"xh":"गोलमैन के मॉडल में आत्म-जागरूकता, आत्म-नियमन, अभिप्रेरणा, समानुभूति और सामाजिक कौशल हैं; IQ एक अलग अवधारणा है।"},{"id":"x1","t":"his-postind","q":"The States Reorganisation Act, 1956 was based largely on the recommendations of a commission headed by:","o":["Fazl Ali","Sardar Patel","S.K. Dhar","Jawaharlal Nehru"],"a":0,"x":"The States Reorganisation Commission (1953–55) was chaired by Fazl Ali, with K.M. Panikkar and H.N. Kunzru as members. The earlier Dhar Commission (1948) had advised against reorganising states on linguistic lines.","qh":"राज्य पुनर्गठन अधिनियम, 1956 मुख्यतः किसकी अध्यक्षता वाले आयोग की सिफारिशों पर आधारित था?","oh":["फ़ज़ल अली","सरदार पटेल","एस.के. धर","जवाहरलाल नेहरू"],"xh":"राज्य पुनर्गठन आयोग (1953–55) के अध्यक्ष फ़ज़ल अली थे, और के.एम. पणिक्कर व एच.एन. कुंज़रू सदस्य थे। पहले के धर आयोग (1948) ने भाषाई आधार पर पुनर्गठन के विरुद्ध सलाह दी थी।"},{"id":"x2","t":"geo-mapping","q":"Which of the following states does the Tropic of Cancer NOT pass through?","o":["Tripura","Mizoram","Odisha","Chhattisgarh"],"a":2,"x":"The Tropic of Cancer crosses Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura and Mizoram. Odisha lies entirely south of it.","qh":"कर्क रेखा निम्नलिखित में से किस राज्य से होकर नहीं गुज़रती?","oh":["त्रिपुरा","मिज़ोरम","ओडिशा","छत्तीसगढ़"],"xh":"कर्क रेखा गुजरात, राजस्थान, मध्य प्रदेश, छत्तीसगढ़, झारखंड, पश्चिम बंगाल, त्रिपुरा और मिज़ोरम से गुज़रती है। ओडिशा पूरी तरह इसके दक्षिण में है।"},{"id":"x3","t":"eco-banking","q":"Which of the following CANNOT be done by a payments bank in India?","o":["Accept demand deposits","Issue debit cards","Issue loans to customers","Offer remittance services"],"a":2,"x":"Payments banks can take deposits (with a per-customer cap), issue debit cards and provide remittances, but cannot lend or issue credit cards.","qh":"भारत में भुगतान बैंक निम्नलिखित में से क्या नहीं कर सकता?","oh":["माँग जमा स्वीकार करना","डेबिट कार्ड जारी करना","ग्राहकों को ऋण देना","धनप्रेषण सेवाएँ देना"],"xh":"भुगतान बैंक जमा ले सकते हैं (प्रति ग्राहक सीमा के साथ), डेबिट कार्ड दे सकते हैं और धनप्रेषण सेवा दे सकते हैं, पर ऋण नहीं दे सकते और क्रेडिट कार्ड जारी नहीं कर सकते।"},{"id":"x4","t":"eco-external","q":"Remittances sent home by Indians working abroad are recorded in which part of India's balance of payments?","o":["Capital account, as foreign direct investment","Current account, as private transfers","Capital account, as external commercial borrowing","Foreign exchange reserves only"],"a":1,"x":"Remittances are unrequited private transfers, part of invisibles in the current account.","qh":"विदेश में काम करने वाले भारतीयों द्वारा घर भेजा गया धन भारत के भुगतान संतुलन के किस भाग में दर्ज होता है?","oh":["पूँजी खाता, प्रत्यक्ष विदेशी निवेश के रूप में","चालू खाता, निजी अंतरण के रूप में","पूँजी खाता, बाह्य वाणिज्यिक उधार के रूप में","केवल विदेशी मुद्रा भंडार"],"xh":"धनप्रेषण एकतरफ़ा निजी अंतरण हैं, जो चालू खाते में अदृश्य मदों का भाग हैं।"},{"id":"x5","t":"env-conservation","q":"In which protected area were cheetahs reintroduced in India in 2022?","o":["Gir National Park","Kuno National Park","Ranthambore National Park","Kanha National Park"],"a":1,"x":"Cheetahs brought from Namibia were released at Kuno National Park, Madhya Pradesh, in September 2022. Gir is the home of the Asiatic lion.","qh":"2022 में भारत में चीतों का पुनर्स्थापन किस संरक्षित क्षेत्र में किया गया?","oh":["गिर राष्ट्रीय उद्यान","कूनो राष्ट्रीय उद्यान","रणथंभौर राष्ट्रीय उद्यान","कान्हा राष्ट्रीय उद्यान"],"xh":"नामीबिया से लाए गए चीते सितंबर 2022 में मध्य प्रदेश के कूनो राष्ट्रीय उद्यान में छोड़े गए। गिर एशियाई सिंह का निवास है।"},{"id":"x6","t":"st-ai","q":"A \"deepfake\" refers to:","o":["A cyber attack that floods a server with traffic","Synthetic audio, image or video generated or altered by AI to look real","An encrypted messaging protocol","A fake bank website used for phishing"],"a":1,"x":"Deepfakes use deep learning to create convincing fake media. Option (a) describes a DDoS attack and (d) phishing.","qh":"\"डीपफ़ेक\" का अर्थ है:","oh":["सर्वर पर यातायात की बाढ़ लाने वाला साइबर हमला","AI द्वारा बनाया या बदला गया कृत्रिम ऑडियो, चित्र या वीडियो जो असली दिखे","एक कूटबद्ध संदेश प्रोटोकॉल","फ़िशिंग हेतु प्रयुक्त नकली बैंक वेबसाइट"],"xh":"डीपफ़ेक डीप लर्निंग से विश्वसनीय दिखने वाला नकली मीडिया बनाते हैं। विकल्प (a) DDoS हमला और (d) फ़िशिंग है।"},{"id":"x7","t":"st-defence","q":"INS Vikrant, commissioned in 2022, is significant because it is:","o":["India's first nuclear-powered submarine","India's first indigenously designed and built aircraft carrier","A stealth frigate leased from Russia","India's first aircraft carrier of any kind"],"a":1,"x":"INS Vikrant (built at Cochin Shipyard) is the first indigenous aircraft carrier. India operated earlier carriers, including the original INS Vikrant (1961) bought from Britain.","qh":"2022 में नौसेना में शामिल INS विक्रांत महत्वपूर्ण है क्योंकि यह:","oh":["भारत की पहली परमाणु-चालित पनडुब्बी है","भारत का पहला स्वदेशी रूप से डिज़ाइन और निर्मित विमानवाहक पोत है","रूस से पट्टे पर लिया गया स्टेल्थ फ़्रिगेट है","भारत का किसी भी प्रकार का पहला विमानवाहक पोत है"],"xh":"कोचीन शिपयार्ड में निर्मित INS विक्रांत पहला स्वदेशी विमानवाहक पोत है। भारत के पास पहले भी विमानवाहक पोत थे, जिनमें ब्रिटेन से खरीदा गया मूल INS विक्रांत (1961) शामिल है।"},{"id":"x8","t":"soc-population","q":"The \"dependency ratio\" compares:","o":["Urban population with rural population","Population aged under 15 and over 64 with the working-age population","Women with men in the workforce","Imports with exports"],"a":1,"x":"The dependency ratio is the number of dependents (children and elderly) per working-age person (usually 15–64). A falling ratio opens the window for a demographic dividend.","qh":"\"निर्भरता अनुपात\" किसकी तुलना करता है?","oh":["शहरी जनसंख्या की ग्रामीण जनसंख्या से","15 वर्ष से कम और 64 वर्ष से अधिक आयु की जनसंख्या की कार्यशील आयु जनसंख्या से","कार्यबल में महिलाओं की पुरुषों से","आयात की निर्यात से"],"xh":"निर्भरता अनुपात प्रति कार्यशील आयु व्यक्ति (सामान्यतः 15–64) आश्रितों (बच्चे और वृद्ध) की संख्या है। घटता अनुपात जनसांख्यिकीय लाभांश का अवसर देता है।"},{"id":"x9","t":"soc-health","q":"Under Ayushman Bharat – PM-JAY, the health cover per eligible family per year is:","o":["₹1 lakh","₹2 lakh","₹5 lakh","₹10 lakh"],"a":2,"x":"PM-JAY provides cover of ₹5 lakh per family per year for secondary and tertiary hospitalisation.","qh":"आयुष्मान भारत – PM-JAY के अंतर्गत प्रति पात्र परिवार प्रति वर्ष स्वास्थ्य कवर है:","oh":["₹1 लाख","₹2 लाख","₹5 लाख","₹10 लाख"],"xh":"PM-JAY द्वितीयक और तृतीयक अस्पताल भर्ती के लिए प्रति परिवार प्रति वर्ष ₹5 लाख का कवर देता है।"},{"id":"x10","t":"soc-issues","q":"\"Sanskritisation\", the process by which lower castes adopt the customs of higher castes to rise in status, was described by:","o":["G.S. Ghurye","M.N. Srinivas","Louis Dumont","B.R. Ambedkar"],"a":1,"x":"M.N. Srinivas introduced the concept of Sanskritisation, along with \"dominant caste\", from his fieldwork in Mysore.","qh":"\"संस्कृतीकरण\", वह प्रक्रिया जिसमें निम्न जातियाँ प्रतिष्ठा बढ़ाने हेतु उच्च जातियों की प्रथाएँ अपनाती हैं, किसने प्रतिपादित की?","oh":["जी.एस. घुर्ये","एम.एन. श्रीनिवास","लुई ड्यूमों","बी.आर. अंबेडकर"],"xh":"एम.एन. श्रीनिवास ने मैसूर के क्षेत्र-अध्ययन से \"संस्कृतीकरण\" और \"प्रभु जाति\" की अवधारणाएँ दीं।"},{"id":"x11","t":"ir-powers","q":"LEMOA, COMCASA and BECA are foundational defence agreements India signed with:","o":["Russia","France","United States","Japan"],"a":2,"x":"India signed LEMOA (2016, logistics), COMCASA (2018, secure communications) and BECA (2020, geospatial intelligence) with the United States.","qh":"LEMOA, COMCASA और BECA भारत द्वारा किसके साथ हस्ताक्षरित मूलभूत रक्षा समझौते हैं?","oh":["रूस","फ़्रांस","संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका","जापान"],"xh":"भारत ने अमेरिका के साथ LEMOA (2016, लॉजिस्टिक्स), COMCASA (2018, सुरक्षित संचार) और BECA (2020, भू-स्थानिक सूचना) पर हस्ताक्षर किए।"}],"mains":[{"id":"w82","t":"pol-fr","q":"\"Article 21 has become the repository of unenumerated rights.\" Discuss with the help of judicial pronouncements.","qh":"\"अनुच्छेद 21 अप्रगणित अधिकारों का भंडार बन गया है।\" न्यायिक निर्णयों की सहायता से विवेचना कीजिए।","m":15,"wl":250,"k":["maneka gandhi","procedure established by law","due process","privacy","puttaswamy","livelihood","olga tellis","environment","health","education","dignity","judicial activism","limits"]},{"id":"w83","t":"pol-constitution","q":"Examine the relationship between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy in the light of the Minerva Mills judgment.","qh":"मिनर्वा मिल्स निर्णय के आलोक में मौलिक अधिकारों और राज्य के नीति निदेशक तत्वों के संबंध का परीक्षण कीजिए।","m":10,"wl":150,"k":["part iii","part iv","justiciable","champakam dorairajan","golaknath","25th amendment","article 31c","minerva mills","harmony","balance","basic structure"]},{"id":"w84","t":"pol-constitution","q":"Has the basic structure doctrine strengthened or constrained constitutional democracy in India? Critically examine.","qh":"क्या मूल ढाँचे के सिद्धांत ने भारत में संवैधानिक लोकतंत्र को सुदृढ़ किया है या सीमित? आलोचनात्मक परीक्षण कीजिए।","m":15,"wl":250,"k":["kesavananda","article 368","judicial review","njac","indira gandhi v raj narain","minerva mills","parliamentary sovereignty","unelected judiciary","constitutionalism","counter-majoritarian"]},{"id":"w85","t":"pol-parliament","q":"Declining sittings and fewer bills sent to committees weaken parliamentary scrutiny. Discuss and suggest reforms.","qh":"घटती बैठकें और समितियों को कम विधेयक भेजना संसदीय जाँच को कमज़ोर करते हैं। चर्चा कीजिए और सुधार सुझाइए।","m":15,"wl":250,"k":["sittings","departmentally related standing committees","referral","money bill route","ordinances","question hour","opposition","deputy speaker","prs","reforms","budget scrutiny"]},{"id":"w86","t":"pol-constitution","q":"Discuss the constitutional position of the Governor and the controversies surrounding the office.","qh":"राज्यपाल की संवैधानिक स्थिति और इस पद से जुड़े विवादों की चर्चा कीजिए।","m":10,"wl":150,"k":["article 153","article 163","discretion","article 200","assent to bills","article 356","bommai","sarkaria","punchhi","nabam rebia","timelines"]},{"id":"w87","t":"pol-judiciary","q":"Judicial activism has filled governance gaps but also raised concerns of overreach. Evaluate.","qh":"न्यायिक सक्रियता ने शासन की कमियों को भरा है, पर अतिक्रमण की चिंताएँ भी उठाई हैं। मूल्यांकन कीजिए।","m":15,"wl":250,"k":["pil","vishaka","environment","article 142","separation of powers","judicial restraint","pendency","accountability","examples"]},{"id":"w88","t":"pol-federalism","q":"\"Cooperative federalism in India is increasingly turning competitive and confrontational.\" Discuss in the context of fiscal relations.","qh":"\"भारत में सहकारी संघवाद तेज़ी से प्रतिस्पर्धी और टकरावपूर्ण होता जा रहा है।\" राजकोषीय संबंधों के संदर्भ में चर्चा कीजिए।","m":15,"wl":250,"k":["finance commission","gst council","compensation","cesses and surcharges","divisible pool","centrally sponsored schemes","borrowing limits","niti aayog","governors","interstate council"]},{"id":"w89","t":"pol-local","q":"Despite constitutional status, Panchayati Raj institutions remain weak in devolution of funds, functions and functionaries. Why?","qh":"संवैधानिक दर्जे के बावजूद पंचायती राज संस्थाएँ कोष, कार्य और कार्मिकों के हस्तांतरण में कमज़ोर हैं। क्यों?","m":10,"wl":150,"k":["73rd amendment","eleventh schedule","state discretion","state finance commission","own revenue","capacity","parallel bodies","proxy representation","pesa","gram sabha"]},{"id":"w90","t":"pol-parliament","q":"Discuss the need for electoral reforms in India with reference to campaign finance and criminalisation of politics.","qh":"चुनावी वित्त और राजनीति के अपराधीकरण के संदर्भ में भारत में चुनाव सुधारों की आवश्यकता पर चर्चा कीजिए।","m":10,"wl":150,"k":["electoral bonds","transparency","expenditure limits","state funding","indrajit gupta","criminal antecedents","lily thomas","public interest foundation","ecI powers","model code"]},{"id":"w91","t":"pol-governance","q":"\"RTI is a tool of empowerment for citizens but has faced institutional dilution.\" Discuss.","qh":"\"सूचना का अधिकार नागरिकों के सशक्तिकरण का साधन है, पर इसे संस्थागत रूप से कमज़ोर किया गया है।\" चर्चा कीजिए।","m":15,"wl":250,"k":["rti act 2005","information commissions","vacancies","2019 amendment","tenure","salaries","dpdp act","exemptions","section 8","transparency","accountability","whistleblowers"]},{"id":"w92","t":"pol-governance","q":"Direct Benefit Transfer has improved welfare delivery but exclusion errors persist. Critically examine.","qh":"प्रत्यक्ष लाभ अंतरण ने कल्याण वितरण सुधारा है, पर अपवर्जन त्रुटियाँ बनी हुई हैं। आलोचनात्मक परीक्षण कीजिए।","m":15,"wl":250,"k":["jam trinity","leakages","savings","aadhaar authentication failures","digital divide","last mile","banking correspondents","grievance redress","examples"]},{"id":"w93","t":"soc-poverty","q":"India has made progress on food security but not nutrition security. Discuss.","qh":"भारत ने खाद्य सुरक्षा में प्रगति की है, पर पोषण सुरक्षा में नहीं। चर्चा कीजिए।","m":10,"wl":150,"k":["nfsa","pds","calorie","dietary diversity","stunting","wasting","anaemia","nfhs","poshan","millets","fortification","women's education","sanitation"]},{"id":"w94","t":"soc-education","q":"Evaluate how NEP 2020 seeks to address the learning crisis in Indian schools.","qh":"मूल्यांकन कीजिए कि राष्ट्रीय शिक्षा नीति 2020 भारतीय विद्यालयों के अधिगम संकट को कैसे संबोधित करती है।","m":15,"wl":250,"k":["foundational literacy numeracy","nipun bharat","aser","5+3+3+4","mother tongue","teacher training","assessment reform","vocational","implementation","funding 6 percent"]},{"id":"w95","t":"ir-neighbours","q":"Assess India's \"Neighbourhood First\" policy in the context of growing Chinese presence in South Asia.","qh":"दक्षिण एशिया में बढ़ती चीनी उपस्थिति के संदर्भ में भारत की \"पड़ोसी प्रथम\" नीति का आकलन कीजिए।","m":15,"wl":250,"k":["connectivity","lines of credit","bri","debt","sri lanka","maldives","nepal","bangladesh","bimstec","saarc","security","soft power","trust deficit"]},{"id":"w96","t":"ir-groupings","q":"How does India's simultaneous membership of the Quad and the SCO reflect its foreign policy of strategic autonomy?","qh":"क्वाड और शंघाई सहयोग संगठन दोनों में भारत की सदस्यता उसकी सामरिक स्वायत्तता की विदेश नीति को कैसे दर्शाती है?","m":10,"wl":150,"k":["multi-alignment","indo-pacific","china","russia","central asia","terrorism","rats","maritime security","balancing","non-alignment legacy"]},{"id":"w97","t":"eco-fiscal","q":"Explain the significance of the quality of government expenditure, distinguishing capital from revenue spending, for sustainable growth.","qh":"सतत संवृद्धि के लिए सरकारी व्यय की गुणवत्ता का महत्व पूँजीगत और राजस्व व्यय में अंतर करते हुए समझाइए।","m":15,"wl":250,"k":["multiplier","capex","revenue expenditure","interest payments","subsidies","frbm","debt sustainability","crowding in","state finances"]},{"id":"w98","t":"eco-monetary","q":"Evaluate the performance of the flexible inflation targeting framework in India.","qh":"भारत में लचीले मुद्रास्फीति लक्ष्यीकरण ढाँचे के प्रदर्शन का मूल्यांकन कीजिए।","m":10,"wl":150,"k":["2016 amendment","mpc","4 percent","band","supply shocks","food inflation","credibility","transmission","review"]},{"id":"w99","t":"eco-agri","q":"What are the major constraints in agricultural marketing in India? Suggest measures to improve farmers' price realisation.","qh":"भारत में कृषि विपणन की प्रमुख बाधाएँ क्या हैं? किसानों को बेहतर मूल्य दिलाने के उपाय सुझाइए।","m":15,"wl":250,"k":["apmc","intermediaries","e-nam","fpos","storage","warehouse receipts","msp","price volatility","contract farming","infrastructure"]},{"id":"w100","t":"eco-agri","q":"Should MSP be given a legal guarantee? Examine the arguments for and against.","qh":"क्या न्यूनतम समर्थन मूल्य को कानूनी गारंटी दी जानी चाहिए? पक्ष और विपक्ष के तर्कों का परीक्षण कीजिए।","m":15,"wl":250,"k":["cacp","procurement concentration","fiscal cost","market distortion","crop diversification","wto","price deficiency payment","farmer distress","state capacity"]},{"id":"w101","t":"eco-agri","q":"Why have PPPs in infrastructure underperformed in India? Discuss the role of new models like HAM and InvITs.","qh":"भारत में अवसंरचना में सार्वजनिक-निजी भागीदारी अपेक्षा से कम सफल क्यों रही? HAM और InvIT जैसे नए मॉडलों की भूमिका पर चर्चा कीजिए।","m":10,"wl":150,"k":["risk allocation","aggressive bidding","land acquisition","delays","npas","kelkar committee","ham","tot","invits","monetisation"]},{"id":"w102","t":"geo-resources","q":"Discuss the challenges India faces in transitioning from coal while ensuring energy security.","qh":"ऊर्जा सुरक्षा सुनिश्चित करते हुए कोयले से संक्रमण में भारत के सामने आने वाली चुनौतियों की चर्चा कीजिए।","m":15,"wl":250,"k":["coal dependence","employment","states revenue","grid integration","storage","critical minerals","green hydrogen","finance","just transition","ndc"]},{"id":"w103","t":"cul-art","q":"Trace the evolution of temple architecture in India and the regional styles that emerged.","qh":"भारत में मंदिर स्थापत्य के विकास और उभरी क्षेत्रीय शैलियों का विवरण दीजिए।","m":15,"wl":250,"k":["gupta temples","nagara","dravida","vesara","odisha","khajuraho","chola","pallava","hoysala","elements: garbhagriha","shikhara","mandapa","gopuram"]},{"id":"w104","t":"his-modern","q":"Was the Revolt of 1857 a \"first war of independence\" or a sepoy mutiny? Critically evaluate.","qh":"क्या 1857 का विद्रोह \"प्रथम स्वतंत्रता संग्राम\" था या सिपाही विद्रोह? आलोचनात्मक मूल्यांकन कीजिए।","m":15,"wl":250,"k":["causes","sepoy grievances","annexations","peasant participation","leaders","regional spread","limitations","historiography","savarkar","consequences 1858 act"]},{"id":"w105","t":"his-freedom","q":"How did Gandhi transform the national movement into a mass movement? Discuss.","qh":"गांधी ने राष्ट्रीय आंदोलन को जन आंदोलन में कैसे बदला? चर्चा कीजिए।","m":15,"wl":250,"k":["satyagraha","champaran","kheda","ahmedabad","non-cooperation","khilafat","constructive programme","women","peasants","civil disobedience","salt","quit india"]},{"id":"w106","t":"his-modern","q":"Explain the causes and significance of tribal revolts in colonial India.","qh":"औपनिवेशिक भारत में जनजातीय विद्रोहों के कारण और महत्व स्पष्ट कीजिए।","m":10,"wl":150,"k":["forest laws","dikus","land alienation","moneylenders","missionaries","santhal","munda","kol","bhil","significance","legacy forest rights"]},{"id":"w107","t":"his-postind","q":"Discuss the challenges in the integration of princely states and the linguistic reorganisation of states after independence.","qh":"स्वतंत्रता के बाद रियासतों के एकीकरण और राज्यों के भाषाई पुनर्गठन की चुनौतियों की चर्चा कीजिए।","m":15,"wl":250,"k":["instrument of accession","patel","vp menon","junagadh","hyderabad","kashmir","jvp committee","potti sriramulu","src 1956","unity"]},{"id":"w108","t":"his-modern","q":"Explain how the two World Wars accelerated the process of decolonisation.","qh":"समझाइए कि दोनों विश्व युद्धों ने विऔपनिवेशीकरण की प्रक्रिया को कैसे तेज़ किया।","m":15,"wl":250,"k":["weakened empires","atlantic charter","nationalism","un","usa ussr","economic exhaustion","indian independence","asia africa","cold war"]},{"id":"w109","t":"soc-issues","q":"Is caste losing its relevance in contemporary India? Discuss.","qh":"क्या समकालीन भारत में जाति की प्रासंगिकता घट रही है? चर्चा कीजिए।","m":15,"wl":250,"k":["urbanisation","education","occupational mobility","endogamy","politics of caste","reservations","dominant caste","sanskritisation","discrimination data","new forms"]},{"id":"w110","t":"soc-population","q":"Why is female labour force participation in India low despite rising education levels?","qh":"शिक्षा स्तर बढ़ने के बावजूद भारत में महिला श्रम बल भागीदारी कम क्यों है?","m":10,"wl":150,"k":["plfs","u-shape","social norms","safety","care burden","unpaid work","lack of jobs","mobility","marriage","policy measures"]},{"id":"w111","t":"soc-population","q":"How can India harness its demographic dividend? Discuss.","qh":"भारत अपने जनसांख्यिकीय लाभांश का उपयोग कैसे कर सकता है? चर्चा कीजिए।","m":10,"wl":150,"k":["working age","jobs","skills","health","education","female participation","regional variation","ageing south","migration","window closing"]},{"id":"w112","t":"soc-issues","q":"Examine the impact of globalisation on the Indian family and on women.","qh":"भारतीय परिवार और महिलाओं पर वैश्वीकरण के प्रभाव का परीक्षण कीजिए।","m":10,"wl":150,"k":["nuclear families","migration","consumerism","women employment","services","it","gig work","values","elderly care","inequality"]},{"id":"w113","t":"geo-physical","q":"Explain how plate tectonics accounts for the formation of the Himalayas and the distribution of earthquakes.","qh":"समझाइए कि प्लेट विवर्तनिकी हिमालय के निर्माण और भूकंपों के वितरण को कैसे स्पष्ट करती है।","m":10,"wl":150,"k":["indian plate","eurasian plate","convergence","fold mountains","subduction","seismic zones","mid-ocean ridges","ring of fire"]},{"id":"w114","t":"geo-physical","q":"Explain the mechanism of the Indian monsoon and the role of El Niño and the Indian Ocean Dipole.","qh":"भारतीय मानसून की क्रियाविधि और एल नीनो तथा हिंद महासागर द्विध्रुव की भूमिका समझाइए।","m":15,"wl":250,"k":["differential heating","itcz shift","tibetan plateau","jet streams","somali jet","el nino","iod","mjo","variability"]},{"id":"w115","t":"geo-resources","q":"Discuss the factors responsible for the location of the iron and steel industry in India and the world.","qh":"भारत और विश्व में लौह-इस्पात उद्योग की अवस्थिति के लिए उत्तरदायी कारकों की चर्चा कीजिए।","m":15,"wl":250,"k":["raw materials","coking coal","iron ore","chota nagpur","coastal plants","imports","markets","transport","policy","china","japan"]},{"id":"w116","t":"geo-world","q":"Why are Himalayan regions increasingly prone to landslides and glacial lake outburst floods?","qh":"हिमालयी क्षेत्र भूस्खलन और हिमनद झील विस्फोट बाढ़ के प्रति अधिक संवेदनशील क्यों होते जा रहे हैं?","m":10,"wl":150,"k":["young fold mountains","seismicity","glacial retreat","climate change","unplanned construction","hydropower","roads","cloudbursts","kedarnath","sikkim 2023"]},{"id":"w117","t":"sec-disaster","q":"Disaster management in India has shifted from a relief-centric to a risk-reduction approach. Discuss with examples.","qh":"भारत में आपदा प्रबंधन राहत-केंद्रित से जोखिम-न्यूनीकरण दृष्टिकोण की ओर बढ़ा है। उदाहरण सहित चर्चा कीजिए।","m":15,"wl":250,"k":["dm act 2005","ndma","ndrf","sendai framework","early warning","odisha cyclone","heat action plans","cdri","community","gaps"]},{"id":"w118","t":"env-climate","q":"Discuss the significance of the Loss and Damage fund and India's position on climate finance.","qh":"हानि और क्षति कोष के महत्व और जलवायु वित्त पर भारत की स्थिति की चर्चा कीजिए।","m":15,"wl":250,"k":["cop27","cop28","vulnerable countries","historical responsibility","cbdr","100 billion","ncqg","adaptation","india stance","finance gap"]},{"id":"w119","t":"env-biodiversity","q":"Examine the effectiveness of protected areas in conserving biodiversity in India.","qh":"भारत में जैव विविधता संरक्षण में संरक्षित क्षेत्रों की प्रभावशीलता का परीक्षण कीजिए।","m":15,"wl":250,"k":["national parks","sanctuaries","biosphere reserves","project tiger","community reserves","human-wildlife conflict","forest rights","corridors","30x30","wildlife act 2022"]},{"id":"w120","t":"env-pollution","q":"Why has air pollution in Indian cities proved so persistent? Evaluate the National Clean Air Programme.","qh":"भारतीय शहरों में वायु प्रदूषण इतना स्थायी क्यों रहा है? राष्ट्रीय स्वच्छ वायु कार्यक्रम का मूल्यांकन कीजिए।","m":10,"wl":150,"k":["sources","vehicles","construction dust","stubble burning","industry","airshed","ncap targets","funding","monitoring","interstate coordination"]},{"id":"w121","t":"st-space","q":"Discuss the opportunities and challenges of opening India's space sector to private players.","qh":"भारत के अंतरिक्ष क्षेत्र को निजी कंपनियों के लिए खोलने के अवसरों और चुनौतियों की चर्चा कीजिए।","m":10,"wl":150,"k":["space policy 2023","in-space","nsil","startups","launch services","fdi","regulation","liability","space debris","global market share"]},{"id":"w122","t":"st-biotech","q":"Should India adopt genetically modified food crops? Examine the arguments.","qh":"क्या भारत को आनुवंशिक रूप से संशोधित खाद्य फसलें अपनानी चाहिए? तर्कों का परीक्षण कीजिए।","m":10,"wl":150,"k":["yield","pest resistance","bt cotton","gm mustard","biosafety","geac","farmer dependency","seed prices","biodiversity","labelling","trade"]},{"id":"w123","t":"st-emerging","q":"Discuss the need for a regulatory framework for artificial intelligence in India.","qh":"भारत में कृत्रिम बुद्धिमत्ता के लिए नियामक ढाँचे की आवश्यकता पर चर्चा कीजिए।","m":10,"wl":150,"k":["dpdp act","bias","accountability","deepfakes","innovation","sandbox","global approaches","eu ai act","indiaai mission","capacity"]},{"id":"w124","t":"sec-internal","q":"Analyse the linkages between development deficit and the spread of Left Wing Extremism.","qh":"विकास की कमी और वामपंथी उग्रवाद के प्रसार के बीच संबंधों का विश्लेषण कीजिए।","m":15,"wl":250,"k":["tribal areas","land alienation","displacement","forest rights","governance vacuum","samadhan","roads","mobile towers","decline in districts","rights based approach"]},{"id":"w125","t":"sec-internal","q":"Discuss the challenges of managing India's border with Myanmar.","qh":"म्यांमार से लगी भारत की सीमा के प्रबंधन की चुनौतियों की चर्चा कीजिए।","m":10,"wl":150,"k":["free movement regime","insurgents","drugs","golden triangle","porous terrain","ethnic ties","refugees","fencing","assam rifles","act east"]},{"id":"w126","t":"sec-internal","q":"Evaluate India's preparedness against cyber threats to critical infrastructure.","qh":"महत्वपूर्ण अवसंरचना पर साइबर ख़तरों के विरुद्ध भारत की तैयारी का मूल्यांकन कीजिए।","m":10,"wl":150,"k":["cert-in","nciipc","it act","ransomware incidents","aiims","power grid","skills gap","national cyber security strategy","private sector","international cooperation"]},{"id":"w127","t":"eth-theory","q":"What do you understand by \"ethics in public relationships\"? How is it different from ethics in private relationships?","qh":"\"सार्वजनिक संबंधों में नीतिशास्त्र\" से आप क्या समझते हैं? यह निजी संबंधों के नीतिशास्त्र से कैसे भिन्न है?","m":10,"wl":150,"k":["accountability","impartiality","public trust","power asymmetry","care","honesty","examples","conflict of interest"]},{"id":"w128","t":"eth-theory","q":"How does emotional intelligence help a civil servant in handling crises? Illustrate.","qh":"भावनात्मक बुद्धिमत्ता संकट प्रबंधन में सिविल सेवक की कैसे सहायता करती है? उदाहरण दीजिए।","m":10,"wl":150,"k":["self-awareness","self-regulation","empathy","social skills","stress","stakeholder management","example","decision quality"]},{"id":"w129","t":"eth-theory","q":"\"Be the change you wish to see in the world.\" What does this mean to you in the context of public service?","qh":"\"वह परिवर्तन स्वयं बनिए जो आप संसार में देखना चाहते हैं।\" लोक सेवा के संदर्भ में इसका आपके लिए क्या अर्थ है?","m":10,"wl":150,"k":["gandhi","personal integrity","leading by example","ends and means","administrative examples"]},{"id":"w130","t":"eth-cases","q":"You are a district collector. A powerful local contractor, related to a minister, has built a school building that inspection shows is structurally unsafe, weeks before the academic year. Parents want the school opened; the contractor pressures you to sign off. What will you do? Analyse options and justify your choice.","qh":"आप ज़िलाधिकारी हैं। एक मंत्री के रिश्तेदार, एक प्रभावशाली स्थानीय ठेकेदार ने विद्यालय भवन बनाया है जिसे निरीक्षण में संरचनात्मक रूप से असुरक्षित पाया गया है, और शैक्षणिक सत्र कुछ सप्ताह में शुरू होना है। अभिभावक विद्यालय खुलवाना चाहते हैं; ठेकेदार आप पर स्वीकृति हेतु दबाव डालता है। आप क्या करेंगे? विकल्पों का विश्लेषण कर अपने निर्णय का औचित्य बताइए।","m":20,"wl":250,"k":["stakeholders","child safety","rule of law","conflict","options","alternate premises","independent audit","accountability","communication","documentation","systemic reform"]},{"id":"w131","t":"eth-essay","q":"\"The best way to predict the future is to create it.\"","qh":"\"भविष्य का अनुमान लगाने का सबसे अच्छा तरीका उसे स्वयं गढ़ना है।\"","m":125,"wl":1200,"k":["agency","policy","innovation","individual","society","history examples","counterpoint determinism","climate","technology","conclusion"]},{"id":"w132","t":"eth-essay","q":"Not all who wander are lost.","qh":"हर भटकने वाला खोया हुआ नहीं होता।","m":125,"wl":1200,"k":["exploration","failure","learning","careers","migration","science","philosophy","counterpoint aimlessness","balance"]}],"csat":[{"id":"cs-c1","c":"comprehension","d":2,"o":["Free power is the only cause of groundwater depletion","The pricing and supply of electricity influence how much groundwater is used","Farmers are indifferent to falling water tables","Rationing power supply has failed wherever it was tried"],"oh":["मुफ़्त बिजली भूजल ह्रास का एकमात्र कारण है","बिजली का मूल्य और आपूर्ति भूजल उपयोग की मात्रा को प्रभावित करते हैं","किसान गिरते भूजल स्तर के प्रति उदासीन हैं","बिजली आपूर्ति सीमित करना हर जगह विफल रहा है"],"p":"Groundwater supplies most of India's irrigation. Because electricity for farm pumps is often free or very cheap, farmers have little reason to limit extraction, and water tables in many districts are falling. Rationing the hours of power supply has reduced overuse where it was tried, but such reforms are politically difficult.","ph":"भारत की अधिकांश सिंचाई भूजल से होती है। चूँकि कृषि पंपों की बिजली प्रायः मुफ़्त या बहुत सस्ती है, किसानों के पास दोहन सीमित करने का कारण कम है, और कई ज़िलों में भूजल स्तर गिर रहा है। जहाँ बिजली आपूर्ति के घंटे सीमित किए गए, वहाँ अति-दोहन घटा, पर ऐसे सुधार राजनीतिक रूप से कठिन हैं।","q":"Which of the following is the most logical inference from the passage?","qh":"अनुच्छेद से सबसे तार्किक निष्कर्ष कौन-सा है?","a":1,"x":"The passage links cheap power to overuse and says rationing reduced overuse, so electricity pricing and supply affect groundwater use. \"Only cause\" (a) and \"failed everywhere\" (d) are extreme; (c) is not stated.","xh":"अनुच्छेद सस्ती बिजली को अति-दोहन से जोड़ता है और कहता है कि आपूर्ति सीमित करने से अति-दोहन घटा; अतः बिजली का मूल्य और आपूर्ति भूजल उपयोग को प्रभावित करते हैं। (a) और (d) चरम कथन हैं; (c) अनुच्छेद में नहीं है।"},{"id":"cs-c2","c":"comprehension","d":2,"o":["Groundwater is extracted mainly with electric pumps","Surface irrigation is impossible in India","Politicians oppose every reform","Water tables never recover once they fall"],"oh":["भूजल मुख्यतः बिजली के पंपों से निकाला जाता है","भारत में सतही सिंचाई असंभव है","राजनेता हर सुधार का विरोध करते हैं","गिरने के बाद भूजल स्तर कभी नहीं सुधरता"],"p":"Groundwater supplies most of India's irrigation. Because electricity for farm pumps is often free or very cheap, farmers have little reason to limit extraction, and water tables in many districts are falling. Rationing the hours of power supply has reduced overuse where it was tried, but such reforms are politically difficult.","ph":"भारत की अधिकांश सिंचाई भूजल से होती है। चूँकि कृषि पंपों की बिजली प्रायः मुफ़्त या बहुत सस्ती है, किसानों के पास दोहन सीमित करने का कारण कम है, और कई ज़िलों में भूजल स्तर गिर रहा है। जहाँ बिजली आपूर्ति के घंटे सीमित किए गए, वहाँ अति-दोहन घटा, पर ऐसे सुधार राजनीतिक रूप से कठिन हैं।","q":"The argument in the passage assumes that:","qh":"अनुच्छेद का तर्क यह मानकर चलता है कि:","a":0,"x":"The link between power rationing and less extraction only works if pumps run on electricity. The other options are not needed for the argument.","xh":"बिजली आपूर्ति सीमित करने और कम दोहन के बीच संबंध तभी बनता है जब पंप बिजली से चलते हों। अन्य विकल्प तर्क के लिए आवश्यक नहीं हैं।"},{"id":"cs-c3","c":"comprehension","d":2,"o":["Public transport does not help cities","Building more roads ends congestion","Reducing congestion needs better public transport together with disincentives for car use","Private cars should be banned in cities"],"oh":["सार्वजनिक परिवहन शहरों की सहायता नहीं करता","अधिक सड़कें बनाने से भीड़ समाप्त होती है","भीड़ घटाने के लिए बेहतर सार्वजनिक परिवहन के साथ कार उपयोग पर निरुत्साहन आवश्यक है","शहरों में निजी कारों पर प्रतिबंध लगना चाहिए"],"p":"Cities that invest in public transport reduce congestion only when they also make private car use costlier, for example through parking charges or congestion pricing. Otherwise, the road space freed by new metro riders is quickly filled again by additional cars.","ph":"जो शहर सार्वजनिक परिवहन में निवेश करते हैं, वे भीड़ तभी घटा पाते हैं जब वे निजी कार का उपयोग भी महँगा करते हैं, जैसे पार्किंग शुल्क या भीड़ शुल्क द्वारा। अन्यथा नए मेट्रो यात्रियों से खाली हुई सड़क जल्दी ही अतिरिक्त कारों से भर जाती है।","q":"What is the central idea of the passage?","qh":"अनुच्छेद का केंद्रीय विचार क्या है?","a":2,"x":"The passage says public transport works only when combined with costs on car use. It does not call transit useless or propose a ban.","xh":"अनुच्छेद कहता है कि सार्वजनिक परिवहन तभी कारगर है जब कार उपयोग पर लागत भी लगे। यह न परिवहन को बेकार कहता है न प्रतिबंध का सुझाव देता है।"},{"id":"cs-c4","c":"comprehension","d":3,"o":["A city that expanded its metro without changing parking or fuel costs saw a lasting fall in congestion","Congestion pricing is unpopular with voters","Car ownership rises with income","New roads attract additional traffic"],"oh":["एक शहर ने पार्किंग या ईंधन लागत बदले बिना मेट्रो बढ़ाई और वहाँ भीड़ में स्थायी कमी आई","भीड़ शुल्क मतदाताओं में अलोकप्रिय है","आय बढ़ने के साथ कार स्वामित्व बढ़ता है","नई सड़कें अतिरिक्त यातायात आकर्षित करती हैं"],"p":"Cities that invest in public transport reduce congestion only when they also make private car use costlier, for example through parking charges or congestion pricing. Otherwise, the road space freed by new metro riders is quickly filled again by additional cars.","ph":"जो शहर सार्वजनिक परिवहन में निवेश करते हैं, वे भीड़ तभी घटा पाते हैं जब वे निजी कार का उपयोग भी महँगा करते हैं, जैसे पार्किंग शुल्क या भीड़ शुल्क द्वारा। अन्यथा नए मेट्रो यात्रियों से खाली हुई सड़क जल्दी ही अतिरिक्त कारों से भर जाती है।","q":"Which of the following, if true, most weakens the argument?","qh":"निम्नलिखित में से कौन-सा, यदि सत्य हो, तर्क को सबसे अधिक कमज़ोर करता है?","a":0,"x":"The claim is that transit cuts congestion \"only when\" car use is made costlier. A counter-example where transit alone worked directly weakens it. (d) supports the argument.","xh":"दावा है कि परिवहन भीड़ \"तभी\" घटाता है जब कार उपयोग महँगा हो। जहाँ केवल परिवहन से भीड़ घटी, वह प्रत्यक्ष प्रति-उदाहरण है। (d) तर्क का समर्थन करता है।"},{"id":"cs-r1","c":"reasoning","d":2,"o":["Some doctors are artists","All artists are graduates","No definite conclusion follows about doctors being artists","Some artists are doctors"],"oh":["कुछ डॉक्टर कलाकार हैं","सभी कलाकार स्नातक हैं","डॉक्टरों के कलाकार होने के बारे में कोई निश्चित निष्कर्ष नहीं निकलता","कुछ कलाकार डॉक्टर हैं"],"q":"All doctors are graduates. Some graduates are artists. Which conclusion follows?","qh":"सभी डॉक्टर स्नातक हैं। कुछ स्नातक कलाकार हैं। कौन-सा निष्कर्ष निकलता है?","a":2,"x":"The artists who are graduates may or may not overlap with doctors, so nothing definite follows. Draw a Venn diagram to check.","xh":"जो स्नातक कलाकार हैं वे डॉक्टरों से मेल खा भी सकते हैं और नहीं भी, इसलिए कुछ भी निश्चित नहीं। वेन आरेख बनाकर जाँचें।"},{"id":"cs-r2","c":"reasoning","d":1,"o":["24","26","27","25"],"oh":["24","26","27","25"],"q":"If CAT is coded as 24 (C=3, A=1, T=20), what is the code for DOG?","qh":"यदि CAT का कूट 24 है (C=3, A=1, T=20), तो DOG का कूट क्या होगा?","a":1,"x":"D=4, O=15, G=7; 4 + 15 + 7 = 26.","xh":"D=4, O=15, G=7; 4 + 15 + 7 = 26।"},{"id":"cs-r3","c":"reasoning","d":1,"o":["3 km east","3 km west","5 km north","8 km east"],"oh":["3 किमी पूर्व","3 किमी पश्चिम","5 किमी उत्तर","8 किमी पूर्व"],"q":"A person walks 5 km north, turns right and walks 3 km, then turns right again and walks 5 km. Where is he relative to the starting point?","qh":"एक व्यक्ति 5 किमी उत्तर चलता है, दाएँ मुड़कर 3 किमी चलता है, फिर दाएँ मुड़कर 5 किमी चलता है। वह आरंभिक बिंदु से कहाँ है?","a":0,"x":"North 5, right = east 3, right = south 5. The north and south legs cancel, leaving 3 km east.","xh":"उत्तर 5, दाएँ = पूर्व 3, दाएँ = दक्षिण 5। उत्तर-दक्षिण दूरियाँ कट जाती हैं, 3 किमी पूर्व बचता है।"},{"id":"cs-r4","c":"reasoning","d":2,"o":["40","42","44","36"],"oh":["40","42","44","36"],"q":"Find the next number: 2, 6, 12, 20, 30, ?","qh":"अगली संख्या ज्ञात कीजिए: 2, 6, 12, 20, 30, ?","a":1,"x":"Differences are 4, 6, 8, 10, so the next difference is 12: 30 + 12 = 42 (also n × (n+1)).","xh":"अंतर 4, 6, 8, 10 हैं, अगला अंतर 12: 30 + 12 = 42 (यह n × (n+1) भी है)।"},{"id":"cs-n1","c":"numeracy","d":1,"o":["30","15","60","45"],"oh":["30","15","60","45"],"q":"What is 20% of 30% of 500?","qh":"500 के 30% का 20% कितना है?","a":0,"x":"30% of 500 = 150; 20% of 150 = 30.","xh":"500 का 30% = 150; 150 का 20% = 30।"},{"id":"cs-n2","c":"numeracy","d":2,"o":["20%","25%","15%","30%"],"oh":["20%","25%","15%","30%"],"q":"The price of a commodity rises by 25%. By what percentage must consumption fall to keep expenditure unchanged?","qh":"किसी वस्तु का मूल्य 25% बढ़ जाता है। व्यय समान रखने के लिए खपत कितने प्रतिशत घटानी होगी?","a":0,"x":"Required fall = 25 / (100 + 25) × 100 = 20%.","xh":"आवश्यक कमी = 25 / (100 + 25) × 100 = 20%।"},{"id":"cs-n3","c":"numeracy","d":2,"o":["5","6","7.5","12.5"],"oh":["5","6","7.5","12.5"],"q":"A can finish a job in 10 days and B in 15 days. Working together, in how many days will they finish it?","qh":"A किसी काम को 10 दिन में और B 15 दिन में पूरा कर सकता है। साथ मिलकर वे इसे कितने दिनों में पूरा करेंगे?","a":1,"x":"Daily work = 1/10 + 1/15 = 5/30 = 1/6, so 6 days.","xh":"एक दिन का काम = 1/10 + 1/15 = 5/30 = 1/6, अतः 6 दिन।"},{"id":"cs-n4","c":"numeracy","d":2,"o":["28","22","20","30"],"oh":["28","22","20","30"],"q":"The average of five numbers is 20. When one number is removed, the average of the rest is 18. What number was removed?","qh":"पाँच संख्याओं का औसत 20 है। एक संख्या हटाने पर शेष का औसत 18 हो जाता है। हटाई गई संख्या क्या है?","a":0,"x":"Total = 5 × 20 = 100; remaining total = 4 × 18 = 72; removed = 100 − 72 = 28.","xh":"कुल योग = 5 × 20 = 100; शेष योग = 4 × 18 = 72; हटाई गई संख्या = 100 − 72 = 28।"},{"id":"cs-d1","c":"di","d":1,"o":["10%","4%","11%","8%"],"oh":["10%","4%","11%","8%"],"p":"A state's rice production (lakh tonnes): 2020 – 40, 2021 – 44, 2022 – 33, 2023 – 44.","ph":"एक राज्य का चावल उत्पादन (लाख टन): 2020 – 40, 2021 – 44, 2022 – 33, 2023 – 44।","q":"What was the percentage increase in production from 2020 to 2021?","qh":"2020 से 2021 तक उत्पादन में कितने प्रतिशत की वृद्धि हुई?","a":0,"x":"(44 − 40) / 40 × 100 = 10%.","xh":"(44 − 40) / 40 × 100 = 10%।"},{"id":"cs-d2","c":"di","d":2,"o":["25%","11%","33%","20%"],"oh":["25%","11%","33%","20%"],"p":"A state's rice production (lakh tonnes): 2020 – 40, 2021 – 44, 2022 – 33, 2023 – 44.","ph":"एक राज्य का चावल उत्पादन (लाख टन): 2020 – 40, 2021 – 44, 2022 – 33, 2023 – 44।","q":"By what percentage did production fall in 2022 compared with 2021?","qh":"2021 की तुलना में 2022 में उत्पादन कितने प्रतिशत घटा?","a":0,"x":"(44 − 33) / 44 × 100 = 25%.","xh":"(44 − 33) / 44 × 100 = 25%।"},{"id":"cs-d3","c":"di","d":1,"o":["40.25","40.5","41","39.75"],"oh":["40.25","40.5","41","39.75"],"p":"A state's rice production (lakh tonnes): 2020 – 40, 2021 – 44, 2022 – 33, 2023 – 44.","ph":"एक राज्य का चावल उत्पादन (लाख टन): 2020 – 40, 2021 – 44, 2022 – 33, 2023 – 44।","q":"What was the average annual production over the four years?","qh":"चार वर्षों का औसत वार्षिक उत्पादन कितना था?","a":0,"x":"(40 + 44 + 33 + 44) / 4 = 161 / 4 = 40.25 lakh tonnes.","xh":"(40 + 44 + 33 + 44) / 4 = 161 / 4 = 40.25 लाख टन।"},{"id":"cs-d4","c":"di","d":2,"o":["133.3%","75%","125%","110%"],"oh":["133.3%","75%","125%","110%"],"p":"A state's rice production (lakh tonnes): 2020 – 40, 2021 – 44, 2022 – 33, 2023 – 44.","ph":"एक राज्य का चावल उत्पादन (लाख टन): 2020 – 40, 2021 – 44, 2022 – 33, 2023 – 44।","q":"Production in 2023 is approximately what percentage of production in 2022?","qh":"2023 का उत्पादन 2022 के उत्पादन का लगभग कितने प्रतिशत है?","a":0,"x":"44 / 33 × 100 ≈ 133.3%.","xh":"44 / 33 × 100 ≈ 133.3%।"}],"ladder":[1,3,7,14,30,60]}